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• In early CI engines the fuel was injected when the piston reached
TC and thus combustion lasted well into the expansion stroke.
Air Combustion
Products
Actual
Cycle
Air
Dual TC
Cycle
BC
X 3 Qin
3
2 Qin
X
4
4 2
1
1 Qout
Thermal Efficiency
Qout m u4 u1
Dual 1 1
cycle Qin m (u X u2 ) (h3 hX )
1 rck 1
Diesel 1 k 1
const c V
r ( 1) k rc 1
Note, the Otto cycle (rc =1) and the Diesel cycle (=1)
are special cases:
1 Diesel
1 k 1
1 1 rck 1
Otto 1
r k 1 const cV
r k rc 1
The use of the Dual cycle requires information about either the fractions
of constant volume and constant pressure heat addition (common
assumption is to equally split the heat addition), or the maximum
pressure P3.
k 1 Qin 1 1 1 P3
rc 1
k P1V1 r k 1 k 1 r k P1
For the same inlet conditions P1, V1 and the same compression ratio:
Otto Dual Diesel
For the same inlet conditions P1, V1 and the same peak pressure
(actual design limitation in engines):