Teaching

Strategies and
Methodologies for
Teaching and
Learning
7 Effective Teaching Strategies
• Visualization
• Cooperative learning
• Inquiry-based instruction
• Differentiation
• Technology in the classroom
• Behaviour management
• Professional development
 Teaching Strategies
Advantage
• Mastery model accommodates variation in learning pace; works well where
mastery of specified material is desired.
• Person is active participant throughout learning process.
• Effective in cognitive domain.
• Person gets immediate feedback, help on individual basis.
• Allows easy application of variety of instructional media.
• Allows instructor to be responsive to each participant.
• Learner interacts and participates.
• Tutoring ones peers results in greater learning for the tutor.
• Highly effective for attitude change and high-level cognitive mastery, long term
retention
 Disadvantage

• Large groups (200+) are a managerial challenge.

• Procrastination is problem for persons without high motivation.
• Doesn’t routinize peer interaction; therefore probably less
effective for attitude change.
• Unit structure de-emphasizes interrelatedness of subject matter
unless extreme care is taken in designing material.
• Inefficient, takes much time.
• Rate of transfer of specific content relatively slow and unreliable.
• Large class requires careful planning and management.
Different Teaching Methods Used
In Primary Care
Teaching Method
Lectures Videotaping
Tutorials Chart/Case Reviews
PBL Role Play
Audits
Clinical Teaching
Portfolio-Building
Observation of Teacher by Learner Internet-based Teaching
Observation of Learner by Teacher Journal Paper Appraisal
Audiotaping Use of Clinical Skills
Laboratories
Teaching Methods
oLectures
- a talk or speech given to a group of people to teach them about
particular subject and a discourse given before an audience or class
especially for instruction.

Advantage
 Efficient, cheap way of
conveying a topic to a large
audience.
Disadvantage
 One-way speaker communication
with no active learner participation.
 Difficult to maintain learner interest
 Does not appear to be effective in
changing a physicians performance.
Teaching Methods
oTutorials
-relating to a tutor, a paper, book, film or computer program that provides practical
information about a specific subject and a class conducted by a tutor for one student or a small
number of student.
Tutor
- A teacher who works with one student, and private teacher
Advantage Disadvantage
 Promotes adult learning
 Labour Intensive
 Encourages learners to solve problems,
connect prioritise, and incorporation
conceptual knowledge
 Affects the development of attitudes and
values
 Promotes social and intellectual experience
 Develops oral presentation skills
Teaching Methods
oProblem-Based Learning (PBL)
-is a teaching method in which complex real-world problems are
used as the vehicle to promote student learning of concepts and
principles as opposed to direct presentation of facts and concepts

Advantage Disadvantage
 Promotes independent, active learning  Resource intensive
 Encourage problem solving skills  Small numbers of learners
 Information can be better retained  Facilitator needs to
 Higher learner satisfaction understand group
dynamics
 Can effect changes in professional practice
 Dependent on facilitators
 Develops interpersonal skills and teamwork skills
Teaching Methods
oClinical Teaching
-is a form of interpersonal communication between two people -
a teacher and a learner. ... The role of the teacher and the knowledge,
attitudes and skills that the teacher brings to the relationship.
Advantage Disadvantage
 Promotes adult learning
 Labour Intensive
 Encourages learners to solve problems,
connect prioritise, and incorporation
conceptual knowledge
 Affects the development of attitudes and
values
 Promotes social and intellectual experience
 Develops oral presentation skills
Teaching Methods
oObservation of Teacher by Learner
• -Prepare yourself, prepare the teacher, look for learning, not
teaching, properly judge the lesson plan, tie your observation to the
professional learning at your school and give feedback promptly.

Advantage Disadvantage
Allows observation of Boring, as it is
experienced clinicians
consultations and less interactive
practices
Teaching Methods
oObservation of Learner by Teacher
• -Prepare yourself, prepare the teacher. So much of what makes a great
observation takes place before you even step inside the classroom, look for
learning, not teaching, properly judge the lesson plan, tie your observation to
the professional learning at your school, and give feedback promptly..

Advantage Disadvantage
Allows observation of Boring, as it is
experienced clinicians
consultations and less interactive
practices
Teaching Methods
oAudiotaping
-provides diverse teaching techniques for learning , gives the
teacher a voice – this can reduce the feeling of isolation for cloud based
students, but also helps located students feel connected , can be used
to simplify and explain complex problems, can allow students to access
the learning materials as often as required. Allows students to learn at
their own pace, with instant playback, rewind and pause, reduces
frequently asked questions from students and can be re-used.
Disadvantage
Advantage
 Improves verbal communication  Patient Refusal
skills  Sanitisation of views
 Useful tool to analyse the expressed by the
consultation process patient for fear of
reprisal arising from
 Cheap and reviews can be done disclosure in the
at a convenient time consultation
 Teaching Methods
oVideotaping
-a recording of visual images and sound (as of a
television production) made on magnetic tape also : the
magnetic tape used for such a recording. videotape. verb.
videotaped; videotaping; videotapes.
Disadvantage
Advantage  The camera is threatening
 Both non-verbal communication skills  Patient Refusal
 Allows clinical skills to be observed  May interrupt the normal flow of consultation
 Allows self-observation by learners in  Patients unwillingness to commit personal
addition to reviews by others information
 Powerful tool to analyse consultation  May provoke the learners emotions
process  The learner may feeling embarrassed or
threatened by self-confrontation especially if
he or she lacks confidence
 Teaching Methods
oChart/Case Reviews
-a full review and analysis of an event related to a single
patient’s experience in the Medical Center and may also mean a
review of multiple patient cases involving a single procedure, as
the context requires and chart a sheet of information in the
form of a table, graph, or diagram “a chart showing how do-it-
yourself costd compared will retail”
Advantage Disadvantage
 Interactive sessions
 Promotes problem-solving, Time-consuming
diagnostic, interpretive and
management skills
 Flexible can be conducted at any
time
 Teaching Methods
oRole Play
-an approach to teaching and learning. Role play is a
technique that allows students to explore realistic
situations by interacting with other people in a managed
way in order to develop experience and trial different
strategies in a supported environment.
Advantage
Disadvantage
 Contextualised Time-consuming
 Enhances communication and
consultation skills May provoke the learners
 Useful for the teaching of difficult emotions
consultations in a controlled
environment
 Teaching Methods
oAudits
-is an important part of the accounting
curriculum. The skills students learn in your
classroom will not only prepare them for more
advanced courses, but to one day succeed in a
career.
Disadvantage
Advantage
Repetitive and dull
Improves patient care
Poor compliance
Improves clinical
effectiveness Time-consuming
Intrusion into clinical work
 Teaching Methods
oPorfolio-building
-is a coherent set of materials that represents your
teaching practice as related to student learning. Begin
your portfolio with a brief description of your teaching
roles and responsibilities and other non-classroom
teaching activities.
Advantage
Disadvantage
 Student-centred Work-intensive
 Foster self-assessment skills
 Encourages greater learners
responsibility
 Encourage the learners reflection of
own knoeledge, attitudes and beliefs
 Teaching Methods
oInternet-Based Teaching
-allows students to learn at their own pace, access the
information at a time the is convenient for them, and provides
education to remote students that otherwise would not be able
to travel to a classroom. A variety of technologies are currently
being used to deliver education on the internet.

Disadvantage
Advantage
Needs computing skills
Accessible convenient
Content can be updated
regularly
 Teaching Methods
oJournal Paper Appraisal
-critical appraisal is a systematic process
used to identify the strengths and weaknesses
of a research article in order to assess the
usefulness and validity of research findings
Disadvantage
Advantage
Needs teachers with research
Promotes critical appraisal skills to facilitate discussions
skills
 Teaching Methods
oUse of Clinical Skills Laboratories
-are educational facilities that have the potential
benefit for undergraduate and postgraduate medical
students and medical staff. They provide a safe and
protected environment in which the learner can practise
clinical skills before using them in real clinical settings
Disadvantage
Advantage
Synthetic apparatus lacks
Allows for repeated
practice and reinforcement realism
to techniques before
exposure to patients
Questions?
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