Educ 206

Methods of Research &

Statistics

By:

MUHAMAD ALI E. MIDZID, PhD

August 17, 2019
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course helps the students learn
and master the basic concepts in
research as well as the various parts of
the research paper. It also prepares
them in the actual practice of research
writing as part of the requirements of
the degree Master of Science
Education.
 GENERAL LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the semester, the students can:
1. Explain the basic terms/concepts in research;
2. Describe the research process;
2. Identify/describe the parts of research paper;
3. Identify the various method of the quantitative
and qualitative research design and their
theoretical underpinnings; and
4. Prepare a research proposal on a chosen
problem/topic.
 Grading System

CRITERIA (%)
1. Midterm Examination
- 25%
3. Final Examination
- 25%
4. Quizzes
- 15%
What is
Research?
 What is Research?

 Research is an endeavour that tries to find

answers to something that exists, that has
been existing, or that has not been known
with the aim to contribute a new idea to the
already existing knowledge or offer insights
about something that has never been known.
 They are basic concepts to understand about
how research works and there are guidelines to
follow in conducting a research study.
 What is A scientific process of critical
Research selection of data, investigation and
analysis of such to gain new
? knowledge or to complement the
existing one.

Re- is a prefix which means again.

Search- is a verb which means to examine
closely and carefully, to test and try, or to
probe.
To search again, to take another more careful
look, to find out more
What is RESEARCH?
Research
Systematic, controlled, objective, empirical,
critical and comprehensive investigation of
certain phenomenon which involves accurate
gathering, recording and critically analyzing
and interpreting all facets about the
phenomena (Kerlinger, 1973, Sevilla, et al,
1984).
Good & Scates (1972), it's a “continuous
discovery & exploration of the unknown”
 What is Research...
Research
It is process of scientific thinking that leads to the discovery
or establishment of new knoledge or truth; not a subjective
expression of ideas or opinion. Scientific thinking has these
characteristics, such as 1) based on facts; 2) starts with a
complex problem; 3) free from biases or opinion; and 4)
uses objective measurements (Isidro and Malolos, 1979).
Best (1981) defines research as “systematic and objective
aanalysis and recording of controlled observations that may
lead to the dev't of generalizations, principles, or theories,
resulting in the prediction and possibly the ultimate control
of events”.
 What is THESIS?
Research
 It is a report of a SCHOLAR upon some piece of research which he
has completed. it is aa culmination of a devious process extending
from the initial insight into the opportunity for invesstigation to the
insertion of the final footnote. Many elements are involved and each
offers the possibility of raising or lowering the quality of the product.
It determines the charaacter of ressult which should be undeviating
search for thruth and originl in substance.
 Who are SCHOLAR?
- They are individuals who seek the truth, who use scientific methods of
inquiry, and who make significant contributions to knowledge.
 Characteristics of a Good Research
1. It is rigorous.
2. It is systematic.
3. It is controlled.
4. It is empirical.
5. It is critical.
6. It is analytical.
7. It is objective, unbiased and logical.
7. It is employs hypothesis.
8. It is valid and verifiable.
 Other Characteristics of a Good Research
It (is)….
employs hypothesis.
employs qualitative or statistical methods to
determine their significance or usefulness.
original work, except in historical research, data are
gathered from primary sources.
A patient and unhurried activity to avoid incorrect
findings and shaky conclusions.
requires courage to finish and pursue the effort
started.
 Research Ethics
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for intellectual property.
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication.
 Research Ethics
9. Responsible mentoring.
10. Respect for colleagues.
11. Social responsibility.
12. Non-discrimination.
13. Competence.
14. Legality.
15. Animal care.
Characteristics of a Good Researcher
1. A good researcher manifests thirst for new
information.
2. A good researcher has a keen sense of things around
him.
3. A good researcher likes to reflect or think about the
things he encounters.
4. A good researcher must be intelligent enough to
express his ideas.
5. A good researcher applies a systematic approach in
assessing situations.
Characteristics of a Good Researcher

R-eserch oriented
E- fficient
S – cientific
E- ffective
A- ctive
R – esourceful
C – reative
H- onest
E- conomical
R- eligious
What researches can do?

1. Categorize
2. Describe
3. Explain
4. Evaluate
5. Compare
6. Correlate
7. Predict
8. Control
 Importance of Research to Man
 Provides additional info about the topic
 Validates existing data
 Provides data for planning, programming,
decision making, and policy making
 Gives new knowledge
 Present suggestions or recommendations
about the research issue or problem
 Importance of Research to Man
All educational research is premised toward the
extension of knowledge and the solution of
problems.
The overall function of research is to improve
various processes educational, economical,
social, political and cultural which is a basic
step toward the improvement of man’s life, having
a fuller and richer life.
 Types of Research
According to goal or Pure or basic
purpose Applied
Action

According to the level Exploratory

of investigation Descriptive
Experimental

According to data analysis Quantitative

required/ statistical Qualitative
content
 According to goal or purpose
1. The Basic or Pure Research
 purpose of understanding better the
fundamental concepts within a scientific field
 doesn’t marketable results
 the results of which may be used for later
research and profitable applications
 intellectual pleasure of learning
 According to goal or purpose
2. Applied Research
 a scientific study and research which sees
practical solutions to problems
 plays significant role in solving daily life
problems that has impact on life, work, etc
 application of the results of pure research
 test theoretical concepts in actual problem
situations
 has potential challenges like ethical challenge
and problems with validity
 According to goal or purpose
3. Action Research
a wide and various evaluative, investigative, and analytical
research
methods are designed to diagnose problems or
weaknesses
to create simple, practical, repeatable process of iterative
learning evaluation, and improvement that lead to
positive results
focus on immediate application and not on the
development of a theory or general concepts
improvement of educational practices and management
practices
 According to the level of investigation
1.Exploratory Research
 a problem or situation gives insights
to the investigator
 provides details where the amount of
information is minimal
 the variables pertinent to a specific
situation
According to the level of investigation
2. Descriptive Research
aims to provide an accurate portrayal of
characteristics or traits of a particular group or
system or an individual
aims to discovering new meanings
describing what really exists
determining the frequency in which something
occurs
not just categorizing information
the researcher investigates the relationship of the
variables
 According to the level of investigation
3. Experimental Research
the researcher manipulates one
variable and controls the rest of the
variable
the investigator studies the effects
of the variables on each other
 According to Statistical Content
1. Quantitative or Statistical Research
 used to quantify the problem through generating
numerical data or data which can be transformed
into usable statistics
 Used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behavior and
other defined variables
 to generate results from a larger sample population
 inferential statistics is utilized to determine the
results of the study
 includes comparative studies and cause-and-effect
relationship
 According to Statistical Content
2. Qualitative Research
 primarily an exploratory research
used to have a better understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions and motivations
provides insights into the problem or help to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research
used to uncover trends in though and opinions and
thus immerse deeper into the problem
the variables cannot be quantified, hence no
statistical treatment is needed
 Research Work Number 1:
1. Why is Research a a) systematic, b) objective
and c) comprehensive investigation of
certain
phenomenon?
2. Identify best 3 characteristics of good
research and explain why it is so.

Note: To be passed next meeting.

 First Reporter

 The Variables
 Types of Variables
 Classification of Variables
 A Researchable Problem
 Sources of Research Problem
THANK YOU & SHUKRAN!!!
THE END…