 Dian (1907494)

 Ria Nurviyani (1906429)

 The first place of philosophy appeared was in Ancient Greek era, it was around 6th

century before Masehi until the beginning of middle ages.

 It was born the philosophers, who have a big role in the further development of

science. They are

 Thales (625-545 BCE).
 Anaximandros (610-540 BCE),
 Xenephares (570-480 BCE),
 Heraklistos (540-475 BCE).
THE BASIC FRAMEWORK OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF PHILOSOPHICAL FIGURES
ENGAGED IN SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
1) PLATO (427-437 BCE)

Plato's most important idea is his theory of ideas.

According to Plato, knowledge comes from human
intellect that every human being has a world of
intellect and sensory world.
2) ARISTOTELES (384-322 BCE)

He admit intellect as an important part of human, but he also

points out the importance of sensory. Sensation received by
sensory repeatedly will produce the perception in humans and
perception which is also repeatedly experienced by humans will
produce experience, then the repeated experience which is
obtained by humans will produce knowledge. The procedure of
knowledge formation is called by Aristotle as "dialectics”
Another thing in the framework of thinking which is an important contribution of Aristotle is the syllogism.

• All humans are mortal (major premise)

• Socrates is a human (minor premise)

• Thus, Socrates is mortal (conclusion).

(Hamlyn, 1987: 60; Russell, 2007: 266)

His famous works is Al-Shifa (about healing), in which there is about

the division of practical knowledge into ethics, economics, and politics;

while theoretical knowledge into physics, mathematics, and metaphysics.

Another important work is Qanun fi al Tibb (book about medicine),

He explains the basic human characteristics, which are
characterized by three things namely, first, human efforts to
obtain the means of life, second, the need for limiting authority,
and third, science, skills, and art; in accordance with basic human
needs in general, namely politics, economics, and culture
An important part of philosophy derived from Mulla Sadra's
gnostic experience (aril) is about "Being" as reality.
"Discourse on Method" (1637), he laid the foundations of how to travel in searching
knowledge or science in general. At first it starts with doubt, starting with doubt or
skepticism towards the human senses. But then came the realization that there is no
doubt, that is part of my body (= Descartes), namely the mind
 His main thoughts include: 1) Recognizing empiricism in
the sense of the importance of sensory experience in human
potential. 2) Kant tried to synthesize empiricism and rationalism
that is knowledge from the work of sensory experience and
intellectual activity. 3) Transition from objects (world, objects)
to subjects (I).
His main work was "Sein and Zeit" (Being and Time, 1927). He
raised the fundamental question in philosophy, "There is" from
"nothing."
Suriasumantri (1983) as cited in Hamid (2017) said
thinking activities that take place in our mind especially
critical thinking involving analysis and synthesis which
the result are knowledge or information. Then the
accumulation of knowledge processed by certain
methods (scientific methods) will develop into science.
1)Ontology
2)Epistemology
3)Axiology
1. The method must be logical
2. Science is built unconditionally
3. Objective
4. The Universal truth
5. Verification
6. Progressive
7. Critical
8. Knowledge shows the relation of theory and practice.
1. Radical
2. Universal
3. Conceptual
4. Coherent and consistent
5. Systematic
6. Comprehensive,
7. Free
8. Responsible
THE STEPS OF CARTESIAN-
NEWTONIAN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. There is a problem and the formulation

2. The frame of mindset
3. Formulation of hypotheses
4. Testing the hypothesis
5. Make a conclusion
1. Make observation
2. Noted as clearly as possible
3. Classification
4. Inductively made general statements
5. Deductive statements are made;
6. Verify the statement by making further observations;
7. Arrange theories based on and relating to the laws
IN THE 19TH CENTURY, THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE
ARRANGED THE ORGANIZATION OR GROUPING OF
KNOWLEDGE INTO FOUR BRANCHES
In the 19th century, the sociology of science arranged
the organization or grouping of knowledge into four
branches

1. Sciences
2. Social Science
3. Humanities
4. Cultural sciences