Example 1

Three magnetically coupled inductive coils having the following data are
connected in series as shown in Figure.
L1 = 0.12 H; L2 = 0.14 H; L3 = 0.16 H
k12 = 0.3; k23 = 0.6; k31 = 0.9
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit.

Ans: 0.272 H

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1

Example 1
Three magnetically coupled inductive coils having the following data are
connected in series as shown in Figure. L1 = 0.3 H; L2 = 0.6 H; L3 = 0.8H
and the coefficients of coupling are ,k12 = 0.8; k23 = 0.75; k31 = 0.5
Draw the dotted equivalent circuit of the figure, also find the equivalent
inductance of the circuit.

L3
L1

L2

Ans : 0.472 H

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2

Example 3
Two similar coils have a coupling coefficient of 0.4. When they are connected in
series aiding, the equivalent inductance is 560mH. Calculate: i) self-inductance of
both the coils. i) Total inductance when the coils are connected in series
opposition. iii) total energy stored due to a current of 3A when the coils are
connected in series opposition.

Ans: 0.2 H, 0.24 H, 1.08 J

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Review of complex algebra
 Representation of complex numbers

 Conversion of complex forms

 Arithmetic operation on complex numbers

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Complex Number
 A complex number is of the form a + i b

 Represented on complex plane as:

Imaginary

b (a + 𝑖b)

0 a Real

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The operator ‘j’
jA

𝑗 = 1∠90°

Ref
A
j2 A

j ( jA)  j 2 A   A
j3 A   jA

Therefore, j2  1; j  1

The operator ‘j’ rotates the given vector by 90 degrees in anti-clockwise

direction

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Representation of a complex number

 Rectangular form: 𝐚 = 𝐱 ± 𝒋𝐲

 Polar form: 𝐚= 𝒂 ±𝛉

 Exponential form: 𝐚 = 𝒂 𝐞±𝒋𝛉

 Trigonometric form: 𝐚 = |𝐚|(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ± 𝒋𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉)

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Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
 Rectangular to polar:

Imaginary
𝑎 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
−1 𝑦
𝜃= tan
𝑥 y (x + 𝑖y)

|a|
 Polar to Rectangular: 𝜃
x Real
0

𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃
y = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

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Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
 Convert the following into polar form
1) 3 + j 4 = 5 53.13°
2) 8 + j 6 = 10 36.87°
3) 8 – j 6 = 10 -36.87°

 Convert the following into rectangular form

1) 5 30° = 4.33 + j 2.5
2) 3 -60° = 1.5 – j 2.59
3) -(10 45°) = - 7.07 – j 7.07

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Arithmetic operation
Let 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒋𝒚𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒋𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐
𝑎1 = 4 + 𝑗6 = 7.21∠56.3° 𝑎2 = 2 − 𝑗4 = 4.47∠ − 63.43°

Addition: 𝐚𝟏 + 𝐚𝟐 = 𝐱𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 + 𝒋(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐲𝟐 )
𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 4 + 2 + 𝑗 6 − 4 = 6 + 𝑗2

Subtraction: 𝐚𝟏 − 𝐚𝟐 = 𝐱𝟏 − 𝐱𝟐 + 𝒋(𝐲𝟏 − 𝐲𝟐 )
𝑎1 − 𝑎2 = 4 − 2 + 𝑗 6 + 4 = 2 + 𝑗10

‘Rectangular form is used for addition and subtraction of complex numbers’

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Arithmetic operation
Let 𝒂𝟏 = 𝐱𝟏 + 𝒋𝐲𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 𝒂𝟐 = 𝐱𝟐 + 𝒋𝐲𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐
𝑎1 = 4 + 𝑗6 = 7.21∠56.3° 𝑎2 = 2 − 𝑗4 = 4.47∠ − 63.43°

Multiplication: 𝐚𝟏 𝐚𝟐 = 𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 ∠(𝛉𝟏 + 𝛉𝟐 )
𝑎1 𝑎2 = 7.21 4.47 ∠ 56.3° − 63.43° = 32.22∠ − 7.13°

𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝟏
Division: = ∠(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒂𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝑎1 7.21
= ∠ 56.3° − (−63.43°) = 1.61∠119.73°
𝑎2 4.47

‘Polar form is used to for multiplication and division of complex numbers’

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Exercise
Ex. 1: 𝑎1 = 3 + 𝑗5 = 5.83∠59.03°
𝑎2 = 5 − 𝑗4 = 6.40∠ − 38.65°
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝑎1𝑎2 𝑎 = 4.63∠13.26°
Compute a=
𝑎1+𝑎2

Ex. 2: 𝑎1 = 4 + 𝑗4 𝑎2 = 5 − 𝑗4 𝑎3 = 8 + 𝑗2
𝑎1 𝑎2
Compute 𝑎12 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + , similarly 𝑎23 & 𝑎31
𝑎3
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑎12 = 13.36∠ − 2.52° 𝑎23 = 18.90∠ − 47.52° 𝑎31 = 17.21∠50.17°

Ex. 3: 𝑎12 = 7 + 𝑗4 𝑎23 = 9 + 𝑗11 𝑎31 = 35 − 𝑗3

𝑎12 𝑎31
Compute 𝑎1 = , similarly 𝑎2 & 𝑎3
σ 𝑎12
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑎1 = 5.40∠11.60° 𝑎2 = 2.18∠67.21° 𝑎3 = 9.52∠32.57°
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Summary
 Review of complex algebra
o Rectangular form is used for addition and subtraction of complex numbers
o Polar form is used to for multiplication and division of complex numbers

 ‘j’ operator
o j = 1∠90°
o Rotates a vector by 90 degree in the anti-clockwise direction

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