Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Part III
Viscous Flow
 Equations of Motion
The resultant force acting on a fluid element must equal the mass times the
acceleration of the element

Equations of motion

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
    v v v v 
 g y  xy  yy  zy     u  v  w 
x y z  t x y z 
 xz  yz  zz  w w w w 
 gz      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 

These are the general differential equations of motion for a fluid. They apply for any
continuum (solid of fluid) in motion or at rest

There are more unknowns than equations. Some additional information of stresses must be
obtained
 Viscous Flow
Stress-Deformation relationships
For incompressible Newtonian fluids, stresses are linearly related to the
rate of deformation

 u v 
u  xy   yx     
 xx   p  2  y x 
x
v  v w 
 yy   p  2  yz   zy     
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz   p  2  zx   xz     
z  x z 

p
1
3
  xx   yy   zz 
Stress-Deformation relationships (incompressible flow)
u  u v 
 xx   p  2  xy   yx     
x  y x 
v  v w 
 yy   p  2  yz   zy     
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz   p  2  zx   xz     
z  x z 

Equation of motion (x-axis)

Navier-Stokes Equation (x-axis) [viscous flow]

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
Euler Equation (x-axis)

 u [non-viscous
  
    gy    2  2  2 
 v  w flow]
y
 t x y z   x y z 
Equations of motion
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  of2  2 
Equations
 t x y z  z  x
motion y z 
 Viscous Flow
Navier-Stokes Equations

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

The Navier-Stokes equations are the basic differential equations describing the
flow of incompressible Newtonian fluids
 Navier-Stokes Equations
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

Stress-Deformation relationships (incompressible flow)

vr    v  1 v 
 rr   p  2   r    r    r     r

r  r  r  r  
 1 v vr   v 1 v 
    p  2       z   z      z

 r  r   z r  
v  v v 
 zz   p  2  z  zr   rz    r  z 
z  z r 

Navier-Stokes Equations

 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2vr 2 v  2vr 

  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
  t  r r  r  z  r  r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2v 2 vr  2v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r   r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v v  p  1   vz  1  vz  vz 
2 2
  z  vr z   z  vz z      g z    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 
Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates
Re  1400
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations p   2u 
0   2 
x  y 
p
0  g
y
p
0
z
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure variation
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

Velocity

notes
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u 
  y h
2  x 
2

Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u 
  y h
2  x 
2


Volume flow rate

Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u 
  y h
2  x 
2

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u 
  y h
2  x 
2

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
Velocity profile is parabolic u 
  y h
2  x 
2

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q  
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
2h3p
q
volume flow rate 3l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q
Mean velocity V 
2h
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

Maximum velocity (y = 0)
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2  x  2
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2  x  2

 p 
Pressure variation with f1  x     x  p0 p   gy  f1  x 
 x 
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3l

h2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2  x  2

 p 
Pressure variation p    gy    x  p0
 x 
Couette Flow
Couette Flow
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations p   2u 
0   2 
x  y 
p
0  g
y
p
0
z
Couette Flow
 Couette Flow
y 1  p  2 b2  p  y  y 
   y  by  or in dimensionless form
u y
u U      1  
b 2  x  U b 2U  x  b  b 

b2  p 
P  
2U  x 
Flow in the Narrow Gap of a Journal Bearing

If r0  ri ri

then U  ri, b  r0  ri

ri
and  
r0  ri
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine,
by use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.

notes
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine,
by use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.
 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w      gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w     gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 u v  w      gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.

notes
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine,
by use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.
p 3V notes
Answer   3  g
y h

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2vr 2 v  2vr 
  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2v 2 vr  2v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r  z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v v  p  1   vz  1  vz  vz 
2 2
  z  vr z   z  vz z      g z    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2vr 2 v  2vr 
  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2v 2 vr  2v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r  z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v v  p  1   vz  1  vz  vz 
2 2
  z  vr z   z  vz z      g z    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   vr  vr 1  2vr 2 v  2vr 
  vr    vz      gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v vr v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  2v 2 vr  2v 
  vr    vz    g    r  2  2  2  2 
 t r r  r  z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 v v v v v  p  1   vz  1  vz  vz 
2 2
  z  vr z   z  vz z      g z    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r 
2
z 

p
Reduced equations 0    g sin   (1)
r
1 p
0    g cos   (2)
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r  (3)
z  r r  r  
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100
p
Pressure variation 0    g sin   (1)
r
1 p
0    g cos   (2)
r 

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

p  1   vz  
Velocity distribution 0  r  (3)
z  r r  r  
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz  
  r R
4   z 
2


Volume flow rate

Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz  
  r R
4   z 
2


Volume flow rate

Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz  
  r R
4   z 
2

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q   or Q
8  z  8 l

Mean velocity
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)
Re  2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p    g  r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz  
  r R
4   z 
2

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q   or Q
8  z  8 l

Q R 2 p R2  p  R 2 p
Mean velocity V  Maximum velocity vmax     2V
 R 2 8 l 4  z  4l
 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus

Governing equations
p
0    g sin  
r
1 p
0    g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0  r 
z  r r  r  
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
   
2
  p   4 4 r 2
 r 2

Q   vz  2 r  dr     r0  ri  
r0 0 i
Volume flow rate
ri 8  z   ln  r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
   
2
  p   4 4 r 2
 r 2

Q   vz  2 r  dr     r0  ri  
r0 0 i
Volume flow rate
ri 8  z   ln  r0 ri  
 
   
2
p  4 4 r0  ri 
2 2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 

8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
   
2
  p   4 4 r 2
 r 2

Q   vz  2 r  dr     r0  ri  
r0 0 i
Volume flow rate
ri 8  z   ln  r0 ri  
 
   
2
p  4 4 r0  ri 
2 2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 

8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm    where 0
 2 ln  r0 ri   r
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln  r0 ri  r0 
  

2
  p   4 4 r 2
 r 2

Q   vz  2 r  dr     r0  ri  
r0 0 i
Volume flow rate
ri 8  z   ln  r0 ri  
 
   
2
p  4 4 r0  ri 
2 2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 

8 l  ln  r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm    where 0
 2 ln  r0 ri   r

4  cross-sectional area 4 r0  ri
2
 2

Hydraulic diameter Dh    2 r0  ri  
wetted perimeter 
2 r0  ri 
End of viscous flow
lectures 
Two tanks filled with water are connected by two straight circular pipes that have diameters
D1 and D2, as shown in the figure.
The water level in the left tank is twice that of the right tank. If the flow trough the
connection pipes is laminar and can be approximated by the fully developed Poiseuille
solution, then the flow through pipe 2 will have the same velocity as the flow through pipe 1
when:
a) the diameter of pipe 2 is less than the diameter of pipe1,
b) the diameter of pipe 2 is greater than the diameter of pipe 1,
c) the diameter of pipe 2 is equal to the diameter of pipe 1.
A liquid (viscosity = 0.002 N∙s/m2; density = 1000 kg/m3) is forced through the circular
tube shown in figure. A differential manometer is connected to the tube as shown to
measure the pressure drop along the tube. When the differential reading, h, is 9 mm, what
is the mean velocity in the tube?
A simple flow system to be used for steady flow tests consists of a constant head tank
connected to a length of 4-mm diameter tubing as shown in figure. The liquid has a
viscosity of 0.015 N∙s/m2, a density of 1200 kg/m3, and discharges into the atmosphere with
a mean velocity of 2 m/s. (a) Verify that the flow will be laminar. (b) The flow is fully
developed in the last 3 m of the tube. What is the pressure at the pressure gage? (c) What is
the magnitude of the wall shearing stress, rz , in the fully developed region?
A viscous fluid (specific weight = 12.6 kN/m2, viscosity = 1.4 N∙s/m2, is contained between
two infinite, horizontal parallel plates as shown in figure. The fluid moves between the
plates under the action of a pressure gradient, and the upper plate moves with a velocity U
while the bottom plate is fixed. A U-tube manometer connected between two points along
the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.25 cm If the upper plate moves with a
velocity of 0.006 m/s, at what distance from the bottom plate does the maximum velocity in
the gap between the two plates occur? Assume laminar flow.
 Couette Flow

Simplest type of Couette flow is that with zero pressure gradient

y
u U
b