Acoustics

www.PinoyBIX.
com
Presents:
ACOUSTICS
THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
The Outer Ear

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes
• The Outer Ear
– Sound energy spreads out from its sources.
– For a point source of sound, it spreads out
according to the inverse square law.
– For a given sound intensity, a larger ear captures
more of the wave and hence more sound energy.
– The outer ear structures act as part of the ear's
preamplifier to enhance the sensitivity of hearing.
– The auditory canal acts as a closed tube
resonator, enhancing sounds in the range 2-5
kiloHertz

THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
The Tympanic Membrane

• The Tympanic Membrane
– The tympanic membrane or "eardrum" receives
vibrations traveling up the auditory canal and
transfers them through the tiny ossicles to the
oval window, the port into the inner ear.
– The eardrum is some fifteen times larger than the
oval window of the inner ear, giving an
amplification of about fifteen compared to a case
where the sound pressure interacted with the oval
window alone.
– The tympanic membrane is very thin, about 0.1
mm, but it is resilient and strong.

THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
The Primary Auditory Cortex

• The Primary Auditory Cortex
– Primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain
that is responsible for processing of auditory
(sound) information.
– The auditory association area is located within
the temporal lobe of the brain, in an area called
the Wernicke's area, or area 22.
– This area, near the lateral cerebral sulcus, is an
important region for the processing of acoustic
signals so that they can be distinguished as
speech, music, or noise.

ACOUSTICS
– (Greek, akouein, to hear) The science of

sound, including its production, control ,
propagation and effects (reflection,
reverberation, and interference)
– Psychoacoustics – study of the way
humans perceive sounds
– Architectural acoustics – special branch,
deals with the construction enclosed areas
so as to enhance the hearing of speech or
music
Sound
– A wave motion consisting of a series of
condensations and rarefactions in an elastic
medium produced by a vibrating body
– A disturbance of mechanical energy that
propagates through matter as a wave
(through fluids as a compression wave, and
through solids as both compression and
shear waves).
– the result of a wave created by vibrating
objects, propagated through a medium from
one location to another.

History
Marcus Pollio – a Roman Architect, who lived during the 1st

century BC, made some pertinent observations on the
subject and some astute guesses concerning reverberation
and interference
Joseph Henry – an American physicist, first treated

thoroughly the scientific aspects of acoustics in 1856.
Wallace Sabine – another American physicist, developed

more fully the subject acoustics in 1900.
- father of acoustics

Types of Wave Motion
Longitudinal – medium is displaced in the direction of travel.

(air is compressed and expanded in the
same direction that a sound wave travels)
- wavelength is the distance from
compression to compression or rarefaction
to rarefaction.
Transverse waves – such as light and radio waves in which

the medium is displaced perpendicular to the
direction of travel. Ripples on the surface of a
pond are an example of transverse wave; the
water is displaced vertically, while the wave
itself travels horizontally.
- wavelength is the distance between
successive crests or troughs.

• Infrasonic/Subsonic
– frequencies below the audible range
• Ultrasonic/Supersonic
– frequencies above the audible range
Audible Range: 20 – 20 000Hz

General Interpretation of Sound
1. Physical phenomenon consisting of wave

motion in a transmitting medium
(objective)
2. Sensation due to outside simulation

(subjective)

Requirements to Produce Sounds
1. Presence of vibrating body

2. Presence of transmitting medium
3. Presence of receiving medium

Physical Properties of Sound
1. Amplitude
2. Period
3. Frequency
4. Wavelength
5. Velocity of Propagation

Velocity of Sounds
A. Solids
Where:
E = Young’s Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3
d = density of the medium, g/cm3

Velocity of Sounds
B. Liquids
Where:
E = Bulk’s Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3
d = density of the medium, g/cm3

Velocity of Sounds
C. Gases
Where:
k = specific heat ratio = hsp/hsv
hsp = specific heat at constant pressure
hsv = specific heat at constant volume
p = gas pressure, dynes/cm2
d = density, g/cm3

Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC ≤ 20 0C)

Velocity of Sounds
D. Dry Air/Air (for TC ≥ 20 0C)
where:
TK = temperature in Kelvin
Velocity of Sounds
• Notes
Sounds travel more slowly in gases than in
liquids, and more slowly in liquids than solids.
Sounds travels slower with an increased
altitude (elevation if you are on solid earth),
primarily as a result and humidity changes.

Possibilities when a Propagated
Sound is Obstructed
• Sound is Reflected
– Echo
• Becomes apparent to the listener only when the distance
from the source and the reflecting medium is great and the
difference between the original and reflected sound is greater
or equal to 1/17 of a second.
– Flutter
• Brought about by a series of rarefactions between two
parallel surfaces resulting to prolongation of sound
• Creates listener fatigue
– Interference
• Reflection caused by two parallel surfaces, producing
standing waves

Possibilities when a Propagated
Sound is Obstructed
• Sound is absorbed
– Conversion of sound energy to heat energy
• Onward transmission through
obstruction

Characteristics or attributes of sound Motion
• Pitch
– Number of cycles a wave goes through in a
definite interval
– Auditory sensation in terms of which sound
maybe ordered on a scale related primarily to
frequency
– The higher the frequency the higher the pitch
• Mel – unit of pitch
• 1000 mels – pitch of 1000Hz tone at 40dB
• Octave – pitch interval 2:1; frequency is twice the
given tone
• Loudness
– Fluctuation of air pressure created by sound waves
– Observer’s auditory impression of the strength of a
sound and is associated with the rate at which energy
is transmitted to the ear.
– Depends on the amplitude of the sound
Loudness Level – measured by the sound level of a

standard pure tone or specified frequency which is
assessed by normal observers as being equally loud

PHON
Phon is the unit of loudness level when:
• The standard pure tone is produced by a
sensibly plane sinusoidal progressive
sound wave coming from directly in front
of the observer and having the frequency
of 1kHz
• The sound pressure level in the free
progressive wave is expressed in dB
above 2 x 10-5 N/m2 or 20µPa

SONE
Sone is the unit of loudness on a scale
designed to give scale numbers
approximately proportional to the loudness.
For practical purposes, the scale is precisely
defined by its relation to the phon scale being
given by the formula
Phon  40  log 2 (sone)

Threshold of Pain
 The threshold of hearing is generally reported as the
RMS sound pressure of 20 µPa (micropascals) = 2×10−5
pascal (Pa)
 This is equivalent to 2×10−4 dynes per square centimeter.
 It is approximately the quietest sound a young human

with undamaged hearing can detect at 1000 Hz (Gelfand,
1990).
 The threshold of hearing is frequency dependent and it

has been shown that the ear’s sensitivity is best at
frequencies between 1 kHz and 5 kHz (Gelfand, 1990).

Threshold of Hearing
 The threshold of pain is the sound pressure or sound
pressure level beyond which sound becomes unbearable
for a human listener.
 This threshold varies only slightly with frequency.

• Tone
– Timbre quality of sound
• Pure Tone – a sound composed of only one
frequency in which the sound pressure varies
sinusoidally with time.
• Musical Sounds – composed of the fundamental
frequency and its harmonics

• Tempo
speed of sound (fast or slow tempos)
• Rhythm
relates to sonic time pattern, maybe, simple,
constant, complex or changing
• Attack
the way a sound begins (can be hard, soft, crisp, or
gradual
• Duration
Refers to how long a sound blasts (short or sustained
sounds)
• Decay
how fast a sound fades from a certain loudness (can be
quick, gradual or slow)
Apparent loudness and loudness levels
dB description
0 – 15 dB Very faint
15 – 30 dB Faint
30 – 60 dB Moderate
60 – 80 dB Loud
80 – 130 dB Very loud
130 dB deafening
Note:
0 dB threshold of hearing
60 dB average conversation
120 dB threshold of pain
150 dB permanent damage to
hearing

Sound Pressure Levels of common
sound sources
Source SPL (dB)
Fainted audible sound 0
Whisper 20
Quiet residence 30
Soft stereo in residence 40
Speech range 50 – 70
Cafeteria 80
Pneumatic jack hammer 90
Loud crowd noise 100
Accelerating motorcycle 100
Rock concert 120
Jet engine (75 feet away) 140

Sound Levels
Part A. Sound Pressure (P) and Sound

Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound Pressure
• The alternating component of the pressure at a
particular point in a sound field
• Expressed in N/m2 or Pa

Sound Levels
• Sound Pressure Level
– Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base
10 of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to
the reference sound pressure (2 x 10-5 N/m2)
2
P P  I
SPL  20 log  10 log    10 log
Po  P0  Io
Where:
P = rms sound pressure
Po = reference sound pressure
Po = 2 x 10-5 N/m2 or Pa
Po = 0.0002 μbar
Po = 2.089 lb/ft2
Example:
a) The RMS pressure of sound is 200 N/m2. What is the sound

pressure level (SPL)?
b) What is the sound pressure level in dB of a sound whose

intensity is 0.01 W/m2?
c) What is the increase in sound pressure level in dB if the

intensity is doubled?
d) What is the increase in sound pressure level if the pressure is

doubled?

Example:
ECE BOARD EXAM MARCH 1996
One-hundred twenty µbars of pressure variation is equal to____.

Example:
The sound power level of a jet plane flying at a height of 1 km is

160 dB (re 10-12). What is the maximum sound pressure level on
the ground directly below the plane assuming that the aircraft
radiates sound equally in all directions?

Sound Pressure Levels
• Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at any unit of
pressure in dB
SPL  20 log( P  N )
Where:
PN = rms sound pressure expressed in any of
pressure in dB
N = SPL constant corresponding to the unit at
which sound pressure is expressed

SPL Constants
SPL Constant
Unit of Sound Pressure Designation
(N)
Microbar μbar 74
Pascal N/m2 94
lb/ft2 psf 127.6
mmHg mmHg 136.5
torr torr 136.5
lb/in2 psi 170.8
atm (technical) atm 193.8
atm (standard) atm 194.1
Sound Levels
• Part B. Sound Intensity (I) and Sound

Intensity Level (SIL)
– Sound Intensity
• Defined as the power per unit area
• The basic units are W/m2 or W/cm2
• The average rate of transmission of sound energy
through a cross-sectional area of 1 m2 at right
angles to a particular motion

Sound Intensity, I
2 2
P P
I  W /m 2
v 410
Where:
ρ = density of air
v = velocity of sound in air
ρv = characteristic impedance of air to sound
= 410 rayls in air

Total Intensity, IT
IT  I1  I 2  I 3  ...  I n
Total Pressure, PT
PT  P12  P22  P32  ...  Pn2

Sound Levels
• Inverse Square Law

– The sound intensity from a point source of
sound will obey the inverse square law if there
are no reflections or reverberation.
1
I 2
r

Sound Levels
For sound produced at ground level

Sound Levels
• Sound Intensity Level
2
I P
I L  10 log  10 log  
Io  Po 
Where:
I = sound intensity
Io = threshold intensity, W/m2
Io = 10-12 W/m2 = 10-16 W/cm2

NOTE
– The term "intensity" is used exclusively for the
measurement of sound in watts per unit area.
– To describe the strength of sound in terms other
than strict intensity, one can use "magnitude"
"strength", "amplitude", or "level" instead.
– Sound intensity is not the same physical quantity as
sound pressure.
– Hearing is directly sensitive to sound pressure
which is related to sound intensity.
– In stereo the level differences have been called
"intensity" differences, but sound intensity is a
specifically defined quantity and cannot be sensed
by a simple microphone, nor would it be valuable in
music recording if it could.
Example:
a) What is the intensity of a sound whose RMS pressure is 200

N/m2?
b) If three identical sounds are added what is the increase in level

in dB?
c) Two car are producing individuals sound pressure levels of 77

dB and 80 dB measured at the pavement. What is the resultant
sound pressure level when they pass each other?
d) In a certain factory space the noise level with all the machines
running is 101 dB. One machine alone produces a level of 99 dB.
What would the level be in the factory with all except this machine
running?

Sound Levels
• Part C. Sound Power (W) and Sound

Power Level (PWL)
Sound Power (W)

– The total sound energy radiated per unit time
of a source.
PACOUSTIC  I  A

Sound Levels
• Sound Power Level (PWL)
W
PWL  10 log
Wo
PWL  10 log W  120
Where:
W = sound power , W
Wo = reference sound power
Wo = 10-12 W/m2 = 10-16 W/cm2

Relation of SPL and PWL
a) Sound produced in free space by an isotropic source
SPL  PWL  20 log r  11
b) For Sound produced at ground level
SPL  PWL  20 log r  8

Example:
a) Determine the sound power level of 0.001 watts?
b) Calculate the intensity and SPL of a sound at a distance of 10m

from a uniformly radiating source of 1 watt power?
c) A compressor with a sound power level of 104 dB is radiating

uniformly over a flat non-absorbent surface. Calculate the sound
level at a distance of 10m?

Example:
A car horn outdoors produces a sound intensity level of 90 dB at

10 ft away. At distance what is the sound power in watt?

Acoustic Impedance or Characteristics
Impedance (Z)
– The specific acoustic impedance Z of an acoustic
component (in N·s/m3) is the ratio of sound
pressure p to particle velocity v at its connection
point.
2
p I p
Z  2 
Where: v v I
p = sound pressure, N/m2 or Pa
v = particle velocity, m/s
I = sound intensity

ROOM ACOUSTICS

Room Acoustics
• Room Acoustics
Concerned with the behavior of sound within
an enclosed space with a view to obtaining
the optimum acoustic effect on the occupants

Room Acoustics
• Requirements
Adequate amount of sound
Even distribution of sound
Noise might tend to mask the required sound
The rate of decay of sound w/in the room
(Reverberation time, RT60)
Acoustical defect to be avoided
a) Long delayed echoes
b) Flutter echoes
c) Sound shadows
d) Distortion
e) Sound concentration

Reverberation
Reverberation
The persistence of sound in an enclosure due to repeated

reflections at the boundaries
Tendency for the sound to persist over a definite period of

time after it has been produced originally and stopped at the
source
Reverberation time (t60)
The time required for the mean square sound pressure of a

given frequency in an enclosure, initially in a steady state, to
decrease after the source is stopped, to one-millionth (60
dB) of its initial value

Optimum Periods of Reverberation

Factors Affecting Reverberation
Time
Volume of the room
Type of materials
Surface area of material

Room Acoustics
• Coefficient of absorption, α
– Ratio of incident sound and absorbed sound
– Efficiency of sound absorption

Room Acoustics
Coefficient of Absorption

Reverberation Time Equations
a. Sabine’s Equation
– For actual reverberation time with average
absorption less than or equal to 0.2;
(absorption coefficient, α ≤ 0.2)
Where;
V = room volume, m3
A = total absorption units (m2
– metric Sabine) (for a
room: the sum of all
absorptions of the ceiling,
walls, floor, furnishing and
occupants
Where;
V = room volume, ft3
A = total absorption units(ft2 – customary Sabine)

Coefficient of absorption - the ratio of the absorbed sound
intensity to the incident sound intensity
Ia
  (unitless );   1 For perfect absorbent
Ii material
I a  Ii  I r ; I r  Reflected sound intensity

Average absorption coefficient (α)
1   2   3  ...   n

n
Total absorption (a)
Where;
a  A(m orft ) 2 2 A = surface area of
the absorbent
structure (m2 or ft2)

Example:
a) Find the optimum reverberation time at 500 Hz of a living room

20 ft long, 13 ft wide, and 8 ft high, with a plaster ceiling (α1 = 0.02),
a carpeted floor (α2 = 0.30), a wood-paneled side wall (α3 = 0.12),
an opposite glass wall (α4 = 0.03), an end wall of medium drapery
(α5 = 0.40), and a brick fireplace (α6 = 0.02) for the other end wall,
with no additional furnishing or occupants?

b. Norris – Eyring Equation

– For actual reverberation time with average
absorption greater than 0.2; ( α ≥ 0.2 )
Where;
S = total surface area, m2
V = room volume, m3
α = average absorption
coefficient of reflecting
surfaces
0.049V
RT60 
 S ln 1   
Where;
S = total surface area, ft2
V = room volume, ft3
α = average absorption
coefficient of reflecting
surfaces

Example:
a) A lecture room 16 m long, 12,5 m wide and 5 m high has a

reverberation time of 0.75 sec. Calculate the average absorption
coefficient of the surfaces using the Norris-Eyring’s formula?

c. Stephens and Bate Equation
– For ideal reverberation time computation
Where:
r = 4 for speech
r = 5 for orchestra
r = 6 for choir

Optimum volume per person for various types of hall
Types of hall Optimum volume/person (m3)
Concert halls 7.1
Italian-type opera house 4.2 – 5.1
Churches 7.1 – 9.9
Cinemas 3.1
Room for Speech 2.8

Example:
a) Find the reverberation time for a concert hall used mainly for
orchestral music with a capacity of 450 people?
b) Suggest the optimum volume required of the above problem?

MICROPHONES

• Microphone
– An acoustic device classified as a transducer
which converts sound waves into their
corresponding electrical impulses
• Transducer
– A device which when actuated by energy in
one transmission system, supplies energy in
the same form or in another form, to a second
transmission system

Classification of Microphones
A. General Categories
1. Passive (Generator Type) Microphone

• Does not require external power source
2. Active (Amplifier Type) Microphone

• Needs an external power source for its operation

B. According to Impedance
1. High Impedance
• Greater than 1000 ohms
2. Low Impedance
• 1000 ohms and below

C. According to Method of Coupling
1. Pressure Type
2. Velocity Type
3. Contact Type

D. According to Elements Used

1. Dynamic
– Uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction
– Electromagnetic moving coil microphone
– A medium-priced instrument of high
sensitivity

2. Ribbon
– Velocity microphone
– Ribbon moves as if it is a part of the air that
experiences rarefactions and condensations
3. Capacitor
– Condenser type or electrostatic microphone

4. Carbon
– Uses principle of variable resistance
5. Crystal
– Uses principle of piezoelectric effect
6. Magnetic
– Operated on the magnetic reluctance due to
the movable core

E. According to directional
Characteristics
1. Unidirectional
2. Bidirectional
3. Omnidirectional
4. Cardioid

Characteristics of Microphone
1. Frequency Response
– Frequency over which the microphone will
operate normally
Magnetic : 60 – 10 000Hz
Crystal : 50 – 10 000Hz
Condenser : 50 – 15 000Hz
Carbon : 200 – 3 000Hz

Characteristics of Microphone
2. Sensitivity
– Ability that would be covered by the
microphone
3. Dynamic Range
– Range of sound intensity that would be
covered by the microphone

Special Types of Microphones
• Line Microphone
– Capable of picking up sound from a great
distance at an angle of 45 degrees and is
highly sensitive
• Differential Microphone
– Used in noisy places; good up to 3-in distance

LOUDSPEAKERS

Types of Loudspeakers
Direct Radiator Type

• Those in which the vibrating surface (diaphragm)
radiates sound directly into the air
1. Dynamic or Moving Coil Loudspeaker

– Makes use of a moving coil in a magnetic field
and a permanent magnet
2. Electrostatic Loudspeaker
– Operates on the same principle as a
condenser microphone

Horn Type
– Those in which a horn is interposed between the
diaphragm and the air
– Used for efficient coupling of sound into the air
Types:
• Conical Horn
• Parabolic Horn
• Exponential Horn
• Hyperbolic Horn

• To cover the entire range of audible

frequencies, the following speakers are
used:
a. Woofer – for low frequencies

b. Tweeter – for high frequencies
c. Midrange – for normal range

Loudspeaker Phasing
• When more than one speaker is used:

– Phasing must be uniform
– Polarities and voice coils are in phase such
that the cone of all the speakers move
inwards at the same instant.

Loudspeaker Enclosure (Baffle)
• Loudspeaker mounting that is used to

prevent the sound waves from the rear
from interfering with the sound waves in
the front of speaker

Problems for Acoustics
MCQs

1. Which best describe the sound wave?
a. It may be longitudinal
b. It is always transverse
c. It is always longitudinal
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following can not travel through a

vacuum?
a. Electromagnetic wave
b. Radio wave
c. Soundwave
d. Light wave
3. Through which medium does sound travel
fastest?
a. Air
b. Water
c. Steel
d. Mercury
4. Speed that is faster than that of sound.

a. Ultrasonic
b. Supersonic
c. Subsonic
d. Transonic
5. What is the speed of sound in air at 20°C?
a. 1087 ft/s
b. 1100 ft/s
c. 1126 ft/s
d. 200 ft/s
6. Calculate a half wavelength sound for sound of

16000 Hz
a. 35 ft
b. 10 ft
c. 0.035 ft
d. 100 ft
7. The lowest frequency that a human ear can hear
is
a. 5 Hz
b. 20 Hz
c. 30 Hz
d. 20 kHz
8. Sound that vibrates at frequency too high for the

human ear to hear (over 20 kHz)
a. Subsonic
b. Ultrasonic
c. Transonic
d. Stereo
9. The frequency interval between two sounds
whose frequency ratio is 10
a. Octave
b. Half octave
c. Third-octave
d. Decade
10. A 16 KHz sound is how many octaves higher

than a 500 Hz sound
a. 2
b. 5
c. 4
d. 8
11. Sound waves composed of but one frequency
is a/an
a. Infra sound
b. Pure tone
c. Structure borne
d. Residual sound
12. Sound wave has two main characteristics

which are
a. Highness and loudness
b. Tone and loudness
c. Pitch and loudness
d. Rarefactions and compressions
13. When waves bend away from straight lines of travel, it
is called
a. Reflection
b. Diffraction
c. Rarefaction
d. Refraction
14. The amplitude of sound waves, the maximum

displacement of each air particle, is the property which
perceive as _____ of a sound
a. Pitch
b. Intensity
c. Loudness
d. Harmonics
15. It is the weakest sound that average human
hearing can detect.
a. SPL = 0 dB
b. Threshold of hearing
c. Reference pressure = 2 x 10-5N/m2
d. A, b, c
16. What is a device that is used to measure the

hearing sensitivity of a person?
a. Audiometer
b. OTDR
c. SLM
d. Spectrum analyzer
17. What is the device used in measuring sound pressure
levels incorporating a microphone, amplification, filtering
and a display.
a. Audiometer
b. OTDR
c. SLM
d. Spectrum analyzer
18. What weighted scale in a sound level meter gives a

reading that is most closely to the response of the
human ear?
a. Weighted scale A
b. Weighted scale B
c. Weighted scale C
d. Weighted scale D
19. For aircraft noise measurements, the weighting
scale that is used is _____.
a. Weighted scale A
b. Weighted scale B
c. Weighted scale C
d. Weighted scale D
20. It is the device used to calibrate an SLM?

a. Microphone
b. Pistonphone
c. Telephone
d. Filter
21. _____ is the sound power measured over
the area upon which is received.
a. Sound pressure
b. Sound energy
c. Sound intensity
d. Sound pressure level
22. A measure of the intensity of sound in

comparison to another sound intensity
a. Phon
b. Decibel
c. Pascal
d. Watts
23. Calculate the sound intensity level in dB of a
sound whose intensity is 0.007 W/m2.
a. 95 dB
b. 91 dB
c. 98 dB
d. 101 dB
24. What is the sound pressure level for a given

sound whose RMS pressure is 200/m2?
a. 200 dB
b. 20 dB
c. 140 dB
d. 14 dB
25. What is the sound intensity for an RMS
pressure of 200 Pascal?
a. 90 W/m2
b. 98 W/m2
c. 108 W/m2
d. 88 W/m2
26. The sound pressure level is increased by

_____ dB if the pressure is doubled.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
27. The sound pressure level is increased by
_____ dB if the intensity is doubled.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
28. If four identical sounds are added what is the

increase in level in dB?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
29. The transmission of sound from one room to an
adjacent room, via common walls, floors or ceilings.
a. Flanking transmission
b. Reflection
c. Refraction
d. Reverberation
30. _____ is the continuing presence of an audible sound

after the sound source has stop.
a. Flutter echo
b. Sound concentration
c. Sound shadow
d. Reverberation
31. Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB
a. Echo time
b. Reverberation time
c. Delay time
d. Transient time
32. A room containing relatively little sound absorption

a. Dead room
b. Anechoic room
c. Live room
d. Free-field
33. A room in which the walls offer essentially 100%
absorption, therefore simulating free field conditions.
a. Dead room
b. Anechoic room
c. Live room
d. Closed room
34. Calculate the reverberation time of the room, which has

a volume of 8700 ft3 and total sound absorption 140
sabines.
a. 0.3 sec
b. 3.5 sec
c. 3 sec
d. 0.53 sec
35. It is an audio transducer that converts acoustic
pressure in air into its equivalent electrical impulses
a. Loudspeaker
b. Amplifier
c. Baffle
d. Microphone
36. _____ is a pressure type microphone with permanent

coil as a transducing element.
a. Dynamic
b. Condenser
c. Magnetic
d. Carbon
37. A microphone which has an internal
impedance of 25 kΩ is _____ type.
a. High impedance
b. Low impedance
c. Dynamic
d. Magnetic
38. A microphone that uses the piezoelectric effect

a. Dynamic
b. Condenser
c. Crystal
d. Carbon
39. _____ is a type of loudspeaker driver with an effective
diameter of 5 inches used at midrange audio frequency.
a. Tweeter
b. Woofer
c. Mid-range
d. A or C
40. _____ is measure of how much sound is produced from

the electrical signal.
a. Sensitivity
b. Distortion
c. Efficiency
d. Frequency response
41. It describes the output of a microphone over a range of
frequencies.
a. Directivity
b. Sensitivity
c. Frequency response
d. All of the above
42. A loudspeaker radiates an acoustic power of 1 mW if

the electrical input is 10 W. What is its rated efficiency?
a. -10 dB
b. -20 dB
c. -30 dB
d. -40 dB
43. An amplifier can deliver 100 W to a loudspeaker. If the
rated efficiency of the loudspeaker is -60 dB. What is the
maximum intensity 300 ft from it?
a. 10 dB
b. 20 dB
c. 30 dB
d. 40 dB
44. Speaker is a device that

a. Converts sound waves into current and voltage
b. Converts current variations into sound waves
c. Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
d. Converts electrical energy to electromagnetic energy
45. The impedance of most drivers is about _____
ohms at their resonant frequency.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
46. It is a transducer used to convert electrical

energy to mechanical energy.
a. Microphone
b. Baffle
c. Magnetic assemble
d. Driver
47. It is an enclosure used to prevent front and back wave
cancellation.
a. Loudspeaker
b. Driver
c. Baffle
d. Frame
48. A circuit that divides the frequency components into

separate bands in order to have individual feeds to the
different drivers.
a. Suspension system
b. Dividing network
c. Magnet assembly
d. Panel board
49. _____ is early reflection of sound.
a. Echo
b. Pure sound
c. Reverberation
d. Intelligible sound
50. Noise reduction system used for film sound in

movie.
a. Dolby
b. DBx
c. dBa
d. dBk
51. Using a microphone at less than the recommended
working distance will create a _____ which greatly
increases the low frequency signals.
a. Roll-off
b. Proximity effect
c. Drop out
d. None of the choices
52. What is the unit of loudness?

a. Sone
b. Phon
c. Decibel
d. Mel
53. A unit of noisiness related to the perceived
noise level
a. Noy
b. dB
c. Sone
d. Phon
54. What is the loudness level of a 1KHz tone if its

intensity is 1 x 10-5W/cm2?
a. 100 phons
b. 105 phons
c. 110 phons
d. 100 phons
Online Notes and Presentations
Visit:
www.PinoyBIX.com

Acoustics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Acoustics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

www.PinoyBIX.

The Outer Ear

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

The Tympanic Membrane

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

The Primary Auditory Cortex

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

– (Greek, akouein, to hear) The science of

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Marcus Pollio – a Roman Architect, who lived during the 1st

Joseph Henry – an American physicist, first treated

Wallace Sabine – another American physicist, developed

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Longitudinal – medium is displaced in the direction of travel.

Transverse waves – such as light and radio waves in which

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Audible Range: 20 – 20 000Hz

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

1. Physical phenomenon consisting of wave

2. Sensation due to outside simulation

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

1. Presence of vibrating body

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

D. Dry Air/Air (for TC ≤ 20 0C)

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

D. Dry Air/Air (for TC ≥ 20 0C)

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Loudness Level – measured by the sound level of a

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Phon  40  log 2 (sone)

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

 This is equivalent to 2×10−4 dynes per square centimeter.

 It is approximately the quietest sound a young human

 The threshold of hearing is frequency dependent and it

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

Part A. Sound Pressure (P) and Sound

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

a) The RMS pressure of sound is 200 N/m2. What is the sound

b) What is the sound pressure level in dB of a sound whose

c) What is the increase in sound pressure level in dB if the

d) What is the increase in sound pressure level if the pressure is

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

ECE BOARD EXAM MARCH 1996

One-hundred twenty µbars of pressure variation is equal to____.

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

ECE BOARD EXAM MARCH 1996

The sound power level of a jet plane flying at a height of 1 km is

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

• Part B. Sound Intensity (I) and Sound

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

11/10/2019 11:21 PM FroydWess - Online Notes

PT  P12  P22  P32  ...  Pn2