Konsep Dasar Ilmu Biokimia dan

Biologi Molekuler pada Sistem Saraf

Drg. Ferry Sandra, PhD
Bagian Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi
Universitas Trisakti 1
Seperti CPU pada komputer, sistem saraf
merupakan sistem kontrol utama di tubuh.
Sistem saraf didesain secara terus menerus dan
cepat untuk menyesuaikan dan respon
terhadap stimulus yang diterima oleh tubuh.
Sistem saraf meliputi brain, cranial nerves,
spinal cord dan peripheral nerves.

 Jumlah Total Di dalam Tubuh sekitar 2,4% BB

 2%-nya terletak di dalam otak

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Properties of Neurons

 Excitability (irritability): ability to respond to environmental

changes or stimuli.

 Conductivity: respond to stimuli by initiating electrical

signals that travel quickly to other cells at distant locations.

 Secretion: Upon arrival of the impulse at a distant location

the neuron usually secretes a chemical neurotransmitter at a
synapse that crosses the synaptic gap and stimulates the
next cell.

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Functional divisions of nervous
system

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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Nervous System Organization

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Central Nervous System

 Consists of
 Brain
▪ Located in cranial vault of
skull
 Spinal cord
▪ Located in vertebral canal
 Brain and Spinal cord
 Continuous with each
other at foramen
magnum

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Structural Classification of
Neurons
 Neurons may be: Multipolar, Bipolar or Unipolar
 Determined by the number of processes attached to the cell
body

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Structural Classification of
Neurons
 Most (99%) neurons in the body are
multipolar.
 Bipolar neurons are rare and occur in special
sense organs of ear, nose and eye.
 Unipolar neurons begin as bipolar but
processes fuse into one. They are primarily
sensory neurons, example: dorsal root
ganglion.

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Sel Jaringan Saraf

 Jaringan Saraf terdiri dari berbagai macam tipe sel :

1. Neurons:
 true conducting cells in nervous tissue
2. Neuroglial Cells:
 supporting cells

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Cells of Nervous System

 Neurons
 Receive stimuli and transmit
action potentials
 Organization
▪ Cell body or soma
▪ Dendrites: Input
▪ Axons: Output
 Neuroglial or glial cells
 Support and protect neurons

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 Neurons

 Nerve cell
proper: Cell
body (soma)
Dendrites –
Axons

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 Found in CNS and PNS
 Perform a supporting function for neurons
 CNS PNS
 Astrocytes Satellite cells
 Ependymal cells Schwann cells
 Oligodendrogliocytes
 Microglia

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Neuroglial Cells

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Neuroglia of CNS

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Astrocytes and Ependymal Cells
ASTROCYTES: EPENDYMAL CELLS:
 Star shaped  Epithelial cells that line ventricles
 Most numerous and central cavities of brain and
 Blood brain barrier spinal cord-secrete CSF
 Ciliated to help circulate CSF

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Microglia and Scwann Cells
MICROGLIA:
 Thorny bushes in appearance and
the smallest glia
 Phagocytic function in CNS
 Originate from monocytes
SCHWANN CELLS:
 Form myelin sheath around
peripheral axons
 Look like jelly roll
 Node of Ranvier separates each
Schwann cell

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Myelin

 Insulating layer around a nerve

 Formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann
cells in PNS
 Composed of a lipoprotein with phospholipids,
glycolipids and cholesterol.
 Myelination is the process of myelin formation
 Myelin allows nerve conduction to be 150 x faster
than nonmyelinated nerves. This occcurs by
“Saltatory conduction” and the impulse jumps from
Node to Node.
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Nerve Structure
 Nerves are only in the periphery
 Cable-like organs in PNS = cranial and spinal nerves
 Consists of 100’s to 100,000’s of myelinated and
unmyelinated axons (nerve fibers).
 Endoneurium surrounds each axon (nerve fiber).
 Axons are grouped into bundles of fascicles
 Perineurium surrounds each fascicle
 Epineurium surrounds each nerve bundle
 Conduction is saltatory (i.e. jumps node to node) in
myelinated nerves and continuous in
nonmyelinated.
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Nerve Anatomy

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Nerve Anatomy

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Electrical Signals

 Cells produce electrical signals called action

potentials
 Transfer of information from one part of body
to another
 Electrical properties result from ionic
concentration differences across plasma
membrane and permeability of membrane

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Nervous System Physiology: Distribution of
Ions between ECF and ICF

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Nervous System Physiology:
Nerve Conduction Occurs because of Changes in
Membrane Potential

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Nervous System Physiology: Types of
Channel Proteins

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Nervous System Physiology: Mechanism that
creates an Action Potential

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Nervous System Physiology: Two Mechanisms
of Action Potential Conduction along a neuron

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 Types of Nerve Fibers
 “A” fibers: Largest diameter myelinated fibers with the fastest
saltatory conduction (12-130 m/sec) and a brief absolute refractory
period. Axons of motor neurons and axons of sensory neurons that
conduct touch, pressure, and thermal sensations.

 “B” fibers: intermediate diameter myelinated fibers with slower

saltatory conduction then “A” fibers and longer absolute refractory
periods. Dendrites of visceral sensory neurons and axons of
presynaptic neurons of the ANS.

 “C” fibers: Smallest diameter unmyelinated fibers with slow

continuous conduction (0.5-2 m/sec.) and the longest absolute
refractory periods. Axons of some somatic sensory neuron that
carry pain, touch, pressure and thermal sensation, neuron that carry
visceral pain sensations, and postsynaptic neurons of the ANS. 30
THANK YOU

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