Fracking

Group No. 3
Aditi Sawant - 16CHE105
Bharthi Ponrathnam - 16CHE122
Harshada Gabhale - 16CHE133
Namita Jadhav - 16CHE143
Shital Suryavanshi - 16CHE160
What is Fracking?
Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling are safely unlocking vast U.S. reserves of oil
and natural gas found in shale and other tight-rock formations. Developing energy from
shale is an advanced process that uses the latest drilling technologies and equipment. As
for what fracking means to the United States – the answers, are security, economic
growth and jobs, jobs, jobs.
Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is an extraction technique that recovers natural gas and oil
from shale rock.
Fracking drills down into the ground to penetrate the strata layer where the energy
reserves exist.
Then a high-pressure water, sand, and chemical mixture get directed at the rock to
release the reserves that exist inside.
The process can be carried out vertically or, more commonly, by drilling
horizontally to the rock layer, which can create new pathways to release gas or used
to extend existing channels.
The term fracking refers to how the rock is fractured apart by the high-pressure
mixture.
The process takes about three to five days, on average, to complete from start to
finish. Your Logo or Name Here 3
 How does
fracking work?
Drilling of well
Pump in high pressured
fracking fluid
Fracturing the shale rock
Prop open the fractures
Collection of natural
gas.
Transfer the natural gas

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 FRACKING – Hot Topic of Argument
Revolutionised the Energy Industry
BUT
Prompted Environmental Concerns

Perspective of proponents
• Jobs
• Decrease in fuel price

Perspective of the opponents

• Water contamination
• GHG emission
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 US
• Unlocked America’s abundant
natural resources

• Created new jobs, strengthened

national security

• Transformed US into Global

Energy Superpower

• Fracking proved to be a unique

Source: US Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April, 2019.

American Success Story

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 US vs. OPEC
• OPEC’s monopoly over the years

• Effect of Geopolitics

• OPEC may lose US as a customer

• Although OPEC produces more

fuel than US, US has become top
fuel producing nation than any
OPEC country.

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Oil prices are dropping in US as it is becoming self-sufficient for
its Energy Needs

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Protests against fracking
USES
Fracking is used to increase the rate at which fluids, such as petroleum, water,or natural gas can be
recovered from subterranean natural reservoirs.
Fracking enables the extraction of natural gas and oil from rock formations deep below the earth's
surface (generally 2,000–6,000 m (5,000–20,000 ft)),which is greatly below typical groundwater
reservoirlevels.
While the main industrial use of hydraulic fracturing is in stimulating production from oil and gas wells,
hydraulic fracturingis also applied:
 To stimulate groundwater wells..
 To precondition or induce rock cave-ins mining.
 As a means of enhancing waste remediation,usually hydrocarbon waste or spills..
 To dispose waste by injection deep into rock.
 To measure stress in the Earth..
 For electricity generation in enhanced geothermalsystems.
 To increase injection rates for geologic sequestrationof CO2.
Since the late 1970s,hydraulic fracturing has been used,in some cases,to increase the yield of drinking
water from wells in a number of countries,includingthe United States,Australia,and South Africa.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF FRACKING

ENERGY SECURITY
LOWER AIR POLLUTION, CO2 EMISSIONS BY DISPLACING COAL IN
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
HIGHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
HIGHER INCOMES

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FRACKING
• PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
• DECLINE OF AIR QUALITY LEADING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
• WATER SUPPLY AND QUALITY
• OIL SPILLS
• EARTHQUAKES
• DISRUPTS FARM PRODUCTIVITY, ENDANGERS LIVESTOCK HEALTH
• SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
• PUBLIC HEALTH
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Case Study:
Northern Territory
•The Northern Territory of Australia has a total area of
1,349,129 square kilometres (Geoscience Australia n.d.)
•which is home to 244,500 people (Australian Bureau of
Statistics 2015).
•The ‘Onshore Petroleum Titles and Developments’ map
(Appendix 1), shows over 90% of the Northern Territory (NT)
is either approved or under application for onshore oil and
gas exploration and production (Styles 2016),
•with prospective onshore gas resource estimates of more
than 200 trillion cubic feet (Department of Minerals and
Energy 2015c, p. 3).

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Ref:
Environmental Effects :
Water
 “Methane concentrations in drinking
water wells increased with proximity to the
nearest gas well” and were “a potential
explosion hazard” in active fracking areas.
{Osborn et al. (2011, p. 8172)}

Air
Methane (CH4) is 84 times more
damaging to the atmosphere than CO2 .

Seismic Activity
(Earthquakes)
A Miami University, Ohio study has
directly linked hydraulic fracturing to
earthquakes

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Socio-Economical Impacts:
• Fracking will likely be detrimental to the tourism, real
estate, agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, fisheries,
crocodile, and manufacturing industries in the NT.
• NT tourism currently attracts over 1.5 million tourists
each year (Tourism NT 2016), a reduction in tourist
numbers will greatly affect many small businesses.
• Landowners have no legal right to refuse a gas
company access to their land if it owns the mineral
rights (Dairy Australia 2015). This impacts privacy and
ability to conduct routine activities
• There have been 43 pollution incidents which The NTG tells us fracking “will create more jobs, boost the
threatened or caused ‘serious environmental harm’ economy, improve local infrastructure and could lead to
reported to the NT EPA since 11 May 2006 (NT EPA cheaper electricity which in turn stimulates further business
2016), activity” (Northern Territory Government 2016b). While this
may initially be true during the short term, establishment phase,
• The copper concentrate spill at East Arm Wharf,
Darwin Harbour (Ascend 2015, p. 105), and water the CSG experience in Queensland shows employment and
contamination incidents at McArthur River Mine expenditure in mining is now declining (Figure 17), and up to
(Bardon 2016b) 50% of mining town homes are now selling at a loss (Hutchinson
2015).
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Series of Events:

2000-2010 2011 2014 2016 2018 2019

Clean Energy Hunter’s Hawke’s Moratorium Inquiry Lifted the

Report Report moratorium
Key finding of the On 14 September An 15-month NT government
The Northern A key
2016, the Chief scientific inquiry was
Territory Government recommendation from Hawke Report was published on 27th
would
(NTG) promotes and was that government "fracking can take Minister of the allow fracking to
place safely in the Northern Territory, March 2018. The
supports fracking as a should prioritise the inquiry contains 135 resume, clearing
clean energy. development and Northern Territory, announced a
provided the moratorium on recommendations if the way for 51% of
implementation of the territory to be
appropriate hydraulic fracturing implemented could
environmental
regulations under the regulatory and mitigate the risk of opened up to the
the process of unconventional gas
Petroleum Act 1984 monitoring regime is
in place to allay fracking to an industry.
(NT).
community concern". acceptable level.

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Thank You