Module 7

Sinusoidal Voltage
and Current

Engr. Gerard Ang

School of EECE
 Impedance Function
1. Impedance (Z) – it is the total opposition a circuit
presents to an alternating current.

𝐕 Where:
𝐙= |Z| = magnitude of the impedance in 
𝐈 θ = phase difference between voltage and current
R = resistance of the circuit in 
X = reactance of the circuit in 

𝐙= 𝐙 ∠±𝛉 Use: +θ  if current lags voltage

-θ  if current leads voltage
+jX  if the circuit is inductive
-jX  if the circuit is capacitive
𝐙 = 𝐑 ± 𝐣𝐗
 Impedance Function

𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝟐
Z
X 𝐗
𝛉= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
R θ 𝐑

Impedance Triangle
 Impedance Function
2. Reactance (X) – it is the imaginary part of the impedance
function in an alternating current circuit.
a. Inductive Reactance (XL) – it is the effective
resistance of the inductive coil to an alternating current.

𝐗 𝐋 = 𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐋 Where:
L= inductance of the coil in Henry

b. Capacitive Reactance (XC) – it is the effective

resistance of a capacitor to an alternating current.
𝟏 Where:
𝐗𝐂 = C = capacitance of the capacitor in farad
𝟐𝛑𝐟𝐂
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
1. Pure Resistance Circuit
R
𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
i
v
𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐦 𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐦
𝐩= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝟐 𝟐

v
Vm i
𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐦
𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
Im 𝟐
ωt
0
For a purely resistive load, the
current is in phase with the voltage.
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
2. Pure Inductive Circuit

L
𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 − 𝟗𝟎°) 𝐀

i
v
𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐦 𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝐩=− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝟐
v
i
Vm
Im For a purely inductive load, the
current lags the voltage by an
ωt
angle of 90
0 90°
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
3. Pure Capacitive Circuit
C
𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬 𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 + 𝟗𝟎°) 𝐀

i
v
𝐕𝐦 𝐈𝐦
𝐩= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬 𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐞 = 𝟎 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐬
𝟐
v
Vm
Im For a purely capacitive load, the
i
current leads the voltage by an
ωt angle of 90
90° 0
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
4. Series R-L Circuit v
i
R L Vm
Im
VR VL
V 0 ωt

𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬

For a series R-L circuit, the

𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 − 𝛉) 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 current lags the voltage by an
angle of θ.
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-L Circuit (cont…)

𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗𝐋𝟐
Z
XL 𝐗𝐋
𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
R θ 𝐑

Impedance Triangle
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
5. Series R-C Circuit
v

R C Vm i
Im

v i ωt
0
θ

𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬

For a series R-C circuit, the

𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛉) 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬 current leads the voltage by
an angle of θ.
 Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-C Circuit (cont…)

θ R 𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗𝐂𝟐
XC
Z
𝐗𝐂
𝛉= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝐑
Impedance Triangle
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
6. Series R-L-C Circuit

R L C
𝐯 = 𝐕𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐬
i

𝐢 = 𝐈𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 ± 𝛉) 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬
Behavior of Resistance, Inductance
and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Series R-L-C Circuit (cont…)

Z 𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + (𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐
XL - XC
θ R
𝐗𝐋 − 𝐗𝐂
𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝐑
Impedance Triangle
For a series R-L-C,
 If XL > XC then current lags the voltage by an angle of θ (θ is
positive).
 If XC > XL then current leads the voltage by an angle of θ (θ is
negative).
 If XL = XC then current is in phase with voltage (θ is zero).
 Sample Problems
1. In a particular R-L series circuit a voltage of 10 V at 50 Hz
produces a current of 700 mA while the same voltage at 75
Hz produces 500 mA. What are the values of R and L in the
circuit?
Solution:
Recall
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑍 𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

Putting them all together

𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅2 + 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 2
When 𝑓1 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝐼1 = 700 𝑚𝐴 = 0.7 𝐴

When 𝑓2 = 75 𝐻𝑧 𝐼2 = 500 𝑚𝐴 = 0.5 𝐴

𝑉 = 10 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)

Substituting

𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅2 + 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 2

10 = 0.7 𝑅2 + [2𝜋 50 𝐿 ]2 → 𝑒𝑞. (1)

10 = 0.5 𝑅2 + [2𝜋 75 𝐿 ]2 → 𝑒𝑞. (2)

Solving for R and L

𝑹= 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔 𝑳= 𝒎𝑯
 Sample Problems
2. A series circuit consists of a resistance of 6 Ω and an
inductive reactance of 8 Ω. A potential difference of 141.4 V
(r.m.s.) is applied to it. At a certain instant the applied
voltage is +100 V and is increasing. Calculate at this
instant, (a) the current, (b) the voltage drop across the
resistance, and (c) voltage drop across the inductive
reactance.
Solution:

𝑍 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿2 𝑍 = (6)2 + 8 2 𝑍 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑋𝐿 8
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝜃 = 53.13°
𝑅 6
 𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑉𝑚 = 141.4 2 = 200 𝑉

At a certain instant, (ωt) 𝑣 = +100 𝑉

Let v be the reference vector

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 100 = 200 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜔𝑡 = 30°

(a) For the current

𝑉𝑚 200
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) 𝐼𝑚 = = = 20 𝐴
𝑍 10

𝑖 = 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 53.13°)

𝐴𝑡 𝜔𝑡 = 30°
𝑖 = 20 sin(30° − 53.13°) 𝒊= 𝑨
(b) For the voltage drop across the resistance

𝑖 = 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 53.13°)

𝑣𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 53.13°)

𝑉𝑅𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚𝑅 𝑉𝑅𝑚 = (20)(6) 𝑉𝑅𝑚 = 120 𝑉

𝑣𝑅 = 120 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 53.13°)

𝐴𝑡 𝜔𝑡 = 30°
𝑣𝑅 = 120 sin(30° − 53.13°)

𝒗𝑹 = 𝑽
(c) For the voltage drop across the inductive reactance

𝑖 = 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 53.13°)
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜃𝑣𝐿 )

𝑉𝐿𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚𝑋𝐿 𝑉𝐿𝑚 = (20)(8) 𝑉𝐿𝑚 = 160 𝑉

Since for an purely inductive circuit, i lags by v by 90° or

v leads I by 90°, therefore

𝜃𝑣𝐿 = 90° − 53.13° = 36.87°

𝑣𝐿 = 160 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 36.87°)

𝐴𝑡 𝜔𝑡 = 30°

𝑣𝐿 = 160 sin(30° + 36.87°) 𝒗𝑳 = 𝑽

 Sample Problems
3. A two-element series circuit is connected across an
a.c. source. Determine the parameters of the circuit if
the voltage and current in the circuit are given as
𝑣 = 200 2 sin(314𝑡 + 20°)
𝑖 = 10 2 sin(314𝑡 − 25°)
Solution:
𝑉𝑚 200 2
𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑍 = 20 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑚 10 2

𝜃𝑝𝑑 = 𝜃𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝜃𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜃𝑝𝑑 = 20° − −25°

𝜃𝑝𝑑 = 45°
Since i lags v, the circuit is a series R-L circuit

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍 sin 𝜃 𝑋𝐿 = 20 sin 45°

Z
XL 𝑋𝐿 = 14.14 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

R θ 𝜔𝐿 = 14.14

314𝐿 = 14.14
𝑅 = 𝑍 cos 𝜃

𝑅 = 20 cos 45° 𝑳= 𝒎𝑯

𝑹 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
 Sample Problems
4. Transform the currents to the time domain:
(a) 6 – j8
(b) -6 + j8
(c) –j5
Solution:
(a) I = 6 – j8 𝐼 = 10∠ − 53.13° 𝐴 𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑°

(b) I = -6 + j8 𝐼 = 10∠126.87° 𝐴 𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕°

(c) I = – j5 𝐼 = 5∠ − 90° 𝐴 𝒊 = 𝟓 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 − 𝟗𝟎°

 Sample Problems
5. A 240-V, 50-Hz series R-C circuit takes an r.m.s current of
20 A. The maximum value of the current occurs 1/900
second before the maximum value of voltage. Calculate
the parameters of the circuit.

Solution:
𝑉 240
𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑍 = 12 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼 20

By ratio and proportion,

𝜃 360°
= 𝜃 = 20°
1Τ900 1/50
 θ R
𝑋𝐶 = 𝑍 sin 𝜃 𝑋𝐶 = 12 sin 20°

XC 𝑋𝐶 = 4.10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Z
1
= 4.10
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑅 = 𝑍 cos 𝜃 1
= 4.10
2𝜋 50 𝐶
𝑅 = 12 cos 20°
𝑪= 𝝁𝑭
𝑹= 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
 Sample Problems
6. A voltage v(t) = 100 sin 314t volts is applied to a series
circuit consisting of a 10 ohm resistance, 0.0318 Henry
inductance and a capacitance of 63.6 μF. Calculate the
expression for i(t).

Solution:

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 314 0.0318 𝑋𝐿 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = 𝑋𝐶 = 50 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝜔𝐶 314 63.6 × 10−6
 𝑍 = 𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
Z
XL - XC 𝑍 = 10 2 + (10 − 50)2
θ R
𝑍 = 41.23 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 10 − 50
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝜃 = −75.96°
𝑅 10

Since XC > XL, the circuit is capacitive therefore i leads v

𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃
𝑉𝑚 100
𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 = 2.43 𝐴
𝑍 41.23

𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝒕 + 𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟔°

 Sample Problems
7. A resistance R, an inductance L = 0.01 H and a
capacitance C are connected in series. When a voltage v =
400 cos (3000t – 10°) volts is applied to the series
combination, the current flowing is 10 2 cos (3000t – 55°)
amperes. Find R and C.

Solution:
𝑉 400
𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑍 = 28.28 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐼 10 2
𝜃𝑝𝑑 = 𝜃𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝜃𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜃𝑝𝑑 = −10° − −55°

𝜃𝑝𝑑 = 45°

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 𝑋𝐿 = 3,000 0.01 𝑋𝐿 = 30 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

 𝑅 = 𝑍 cos 𝜃
Z 𝑅 = 28.28 cos 45°
XL - XC
θ R
𝑹= 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑍 sin 𝜃

30 − 𝑋𝐶 = 28.28 sin 45°

𝑋𝐶 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

1 1
= 10 = 10 𝑪= 𝝁𝑭
𝜔𝐶 (3,000)𝐶