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 TOPIC: WAVE LENGTH DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING & FIBER
BRAGG GRATINGS.

NAME:A.CH.SUDHIR

GITAM UNIVERSITY.
 INTRODUCTION OF WDM:
 The use of wave length multiplexing (WDM) offers a
further boost in fiber transmission capacity.
 The basis of WDM is to use multiple sources
operating at slightly different wavelength to transmit
several independent information streams over the
same fiber.
 The WDM in the 1970’s during the ensuing years it
generally turned out to be easier to implement
higher-speed electronic & optical devices that to
invoke the greater system complexity called for in
WDM.
 The technology of combining a number of
wavelengths on to the same fiber is known as
wavelength division multiplexing or WDM.
 Optical beams with different wavelengths
propagate without interfering with one
another , so several channels of information
(each having a different carrier wave length)
can be transmitted simultaneously over a
single fiber this scheme called WDM increases
the information carrying capacity of a fiber
 This is point to point links in which the optical
fiber system serves as a simple connection
between two sets of electrical signal
processing equipment.
 The ITU.T Standard for WDM specifies
channels with 100-Ghz spacings.
 An interesting & powerful aspects of an
optical communication link is that many
different wavelengths can be sent long a
fiber simultaneously on the 1300-1600nm
spectrum
 Conceptually, the WDM scheme is the same
as Frequency division multiplexing(FDM)
used in Microwave radio & satellite systems
 Although this process works well for
moderate speed single-wavelength operation,
it can be fairly complex & expensive for high
speed multi wave length systems.
  Multiplexer:
 It is used as a general term to refer to both
combining & separating functions except when it is
necessary to distinguish the two devices or
functions


 Insertion loss & cross talk are the important
properties of multiplexers/demultiplexers.
 Insertion loss is the attenuation of a wave
travelling from the input port to the desired
output port.
 A multiplexer/demultiplexer as uniformity
when the insertion loss is nearly the same for
each channel. Cross talk is the wave
attenuation measured at an unintended port.
 Cross talk is chiefly a problem at the receiver
where mixing of two or more channels can
seriously interfere with the desired signal.
It shows loss curves for an eight channel
multiplexer/demultiplexer. The eight curves represent the
transmission loss associated with each of the eight channels.The
first channel is centered at 1530nm and so forth upto 1558.The
channel spacing is 4nm & the individual channel bandwidth
appears to be about 2nm
In this the insertion loss is about 1 dB and the cross talk is low
 WDM systems are popular for high capacity
long transmission paths , such as those
encountered in undersea links.
 When there are more than just a few( 2 or 3)
WDM channels , the system is referred to as
dense wavelength division multiplexing.
 Here we will see the three channel WDM
network.In it ssimplest form this network is
unidirectional. It can also operate in both
directions if the wavelength separation
devices are bidirectional.
When operating bidirectionaly directional couplers must
be included at each terminal to separate the
transmitted & received waves.
To illustrate some of the available construction
techniques, two multiplexers are explained.
FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS
 Fiber gratings are a periodic varatation in the
refractive index of the core as measured along its
axis.
 For an input wavelength equal to one half the
repetition period ^.
 The grating acts as a reflector as all the reflected
beams add up in phase with each other.
 The reflected wavelength obeys Bragg,s law, as
^= /2
 where  is measured in the fiber core &
we consider only the strongest reflection, that of
the first order. We can say that the grating is
resonant at the wavelength which satisfies bragg’s
law
 The grating is produced by exposing the core
to high-power ultraviolet light.
 The UV light first passes through a phase
mask, producing an interference pattern
which creates a periodic structure change in
the fibers core.
 A permanent & stable variation of the cores
refractive index is the result.
Applications of the Bragg grating are:

 1)Filters for WDM SYSTEMS.

 2)WAVELENTGH-selective mirrors for
fiber lasers.
 3)Wave length stabilization of laser
diodes.
 4)Dispersion compensation
 5)Fixed filters
 6)Tunable filters
The grating resonant wavelength can be tuned
by changing the grating period .
This can be accomplished mechanically or
thermally .Mechanically the fiber is stretched or
compressed.
.
Thermal tuning is accomplished by changing the
fiber temperature.
This is the basis of a strain or temperature fiber
sensor as well as the tunable filter.
Thank you