Group 5

Lozada Frederick
Richard Cortes
Jeril Chato
Marvin Rodriguez
Goal Theory

By: Edwin Lock & Gary Latham

History of Goal Setting Theory
O American psychologist Edwin Locke from the
University of Maryland at College Park has studied
the power of goal setting since the late 1960s.

O Feedback in his 1968 article "Toward a Theory of

Task Motivation and Incentives."

O Along with Dr. Gary Latham, Dr. Locke published his

groundbreaking work in 1990 in a book called "A
Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance ,"
What is Goal Setting Theory?
O Involves the development of an
action plan designed to motivate and guide
a person or group toward a goal.
Goal setting can be guided by goal-setting
criteria (or rules) such as SMART criteria.
Goal setting is a major component
of personal development and management
literature.
 The Five Principles of
Locke and Latham
1. Clarity (Setting clear and precise goals)

O A clear goal can be measured; no room for

misunderstandings.
O Explicit goals with regard to which result is
desired and how it will be measured
O Comparable to the SMART principles that help to
understand the task, measuring the results and
achieving success.
 Example
O Clear:
Adopt new technology to reduce time
required to manufacture product from 15
mins to 12 mins by end of financial year.

Unclear:
Reduce time required to
manufacture product.
O 2. Challenge (Raise the stakes)

O Setting challenging goals demands an accurate

balance to guarantee the right level of
challenge.

O Goals that are either too easy or too difficult

negatively influence the motivation and
decrease performance.

O The highest level of motivation is achieved upon

the right balance between easy and difficult.
O 3. Commitment (Rational as well as emotional)

O Fully understanding and coordinating the set goals;

O Motivation due to own input when setting goals;

O People have the tendency to work harder for a goal

when they were involved in setting it, particularly in
a team;
O Staying motivated as long as the goal is actually
achievable and is in accordance with the
aspirations of all those involved.
O 4. Feedback

O In addition to selecting the right goal, you must

also listen to feedback to determine whether
you’re doing it right.

O Listening to feedback to check whether you’re

headed in the right direction;
O If necessary, adjusting the goal and approach to
achieve the goal;
O Feedback both from others and yourself.
O 5. Task complexity

O Takes into account the complexity of the goals, given

the fact that complexity can influence morale,
productivity and motivation;

O Complex goals can be overwhelming to people;

O Make sure there’s enough time, allowing everyone

enough time to work towards the goal and improve
the performances;

O If necessary, adjusting the complexity and level of

difficulty of the goal.
To Summarise…

O The Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory emphasises the

important relationship between goals and
performance. It supports predictions that seem to
result in the most effective performances, when
the goals are specific and challenging, when they
are used to assess the performances and are
linked to feedback.
O Finally, look at the results and ensure
commitment and acceptance. The motivation
impact of goals can be influenced by
moderators, such as capability and self-
reliance. Additionally, deadlines improve the
effectiveness of goals. Focus on a learning
goal leads to higher performances than an
objective and group goal, where mindset is
just as important as individual goal setting.
 Reference
O https://www.toolshero.com/time-
management/edwin-locke-goal-setting-
theory/
O https://upraise.io/blog/locke-lathams-
principles-goal-setting/
Choice Theory
By: Williams Glasser
William Glasser
Dr. William Glasser’s 1998 book, Choice Theory: A New Psychology
of Personal Freedom, is the primary text for all that is taught by
William Glasser International. Choice theory psychology states that:

 All we do is behave.

 Almost all behavior is chosen.

 We are driven by our genes to satisfy five basic needs: survival,

love and belonging, power, freedom and fun.

 We can only satisfy our needs by matching the pictures in our

Quality World. In practice, the most important need is love and
belonging, as closeness and connectedness with the people we
care about is a requisite for satisfying all of the needs.
RELATIONSHIP AND OUR HABITS

Caring Habits Deadly Habits

O Supporting O Criticizing
O Encouraging O Blaming
O Accepting O Nagging
O Trusting O Threatening
O Respecting O Punishing
O Negotiating O Bribing, rewarding
differences to control
The Ten Axioms of Choice Theory
1. The only person whose behavior we can
control is our own.

- Once we realize that we chose our

own behavior and that other people cannot
control us; we also realize that we, in turn,
cannot control others.
2. All we can give or get from other
people is information.

- We have total control over what information

we give others.

3. All long-lasting psychological problems are

relationship problems.

- A relationship is simply how we relate to each other.

If we use control psychology, we will always unhappy
simply because it is impossible to control another
person.
4. The problem relationship is always part of
our present lives.

- We cannot be free to live happy lives without even

one satisfying relationship. (Glasser, 1998)

5. What happened in the past that was painful has a great

deal to do with what we are today, but revisiting this painful past
can contribute little or nothing to what we need to do now: improve
an important, present relationship.

- “We are not doomed to repeat our past unless we chose to do

so.” (Glasser 1998)
 6. We are driven by five genetic needs: survival,
love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun.

- “We can never satisfy anyone else’s need, only your

own” (Glasser 1998)

7. We can only satisfy our needs by satisfying

the pictures in our Quality World.

- a quality world is simply a combination of wants all in

place. It is picture album of how we would ideally want
our world to be.
8. All we can do from birth to death is behave. All
behavior is Total Behavior and is made up of four
inseparable components: acting, thinking, feeling and
physiology.

- Total behavior encompasses the four components of

behavior: Thinking, action, feeling, and physiology.
9. All Total Behavior is designated by verbs, usually
infinitives and gerunds, and named by the component
that is most recognizable.

- The behavior does not happen to us ( We don’t say I

am depressed – depression does not happen to us).

10. All Total Behavior is chosen, but we have direct

control over only the acting and thinking components.

- We can only control our feeling and physiology

indirectly through how we choose to act and think…
 Reference…
O https://wglasser.com/quickstart-guide-to-
choice-theory/#axioms
O https://www.slideshare.net/jasonifill52/cho
ice-theory-63362080
Hierarchy of Needs
By: Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The Five Levels in Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs:
O Physiological Needs
- Deals with the maintenance of the body.

Ex: Air, Food, Water, Shelter, Warmth, Sleep

etc.
O Safety and Security

- Keeping us safe from harm. These security needs

are important for survival, but they are not as
important as the basic physiological needs.

Example: Safety, shelter, security, law & order,

employment, health, stability, etc.
O Love and Belonging

- These needs are met through pleasing and fulfilling

relationships would imply acceptance by others.

Example: Belongingness, Love, Affection, Intimacy,

Family, Relationship, etc.
O Esteem

- Once an individual have satisfactorily met their need

for love and belonging, they can begin to develop
positive feelings of self worth and self-esteem.

Example: self-esteem, self-confidence, achievement,

recognition, status, respect, etc.
O Self- Actualization

- This level of need pertains to what a person’s full

potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow
describe this as the desire to become everything that
one is capable of becoming.

Example: Realizing personal potential, Self-fulfillment,

pursue talent, personal growth, peak
experiences, creativity, etc.
 Reference..
O http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/edu
cational-learning/learning/principles-of-
learning/maslows-hierarchy-needs/
O https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%27s_
hierarchy_of_needs#/media/File:MaslowsHi
erarchyOfNeeds.svg