CHAPTER 7

TQM and PLANNING TOOLS

OBJECTIVES:
After reading this chapter, the students
should be able to;
Identify quality tools for planning,
Illustrate application of each quality
planning tools,
Apply planning tools in quality problems.
CAUSE AND EFFECT/FISHBONE DIARGRAM

- First used by Ishikawa in the 1940s, a cause and

effect diagram, also known as a fish-bone
diagram is employed to identify the underlying
symptoms of a problem or “effect" as a means of
finding the root cause.
FUNCTION:
-is to identify the factors that are
causing an undesired effect
(defects) for improvement action,
or to identify the factors needed
to bring about a desired result
( a winning proposal ).
FACTORS
 4M’s
-method
-manpower
-material
-machinery
 4P’s
-policies
-procedures
-people
-plant
PARETO CHART

Alfredo Pareto was an economist who noted

that a few people controlled most of a nation's
wealth.
"Pareto's Law" has also been applied to many
other areas, including defects, where a few
causes are responsible for most of the problems.
The Pareto Principle is based upon
the principle which states that 80% of
a problem is attributable to 20% of its
causes, or inputs.
A Pareto chart organizes and
displays information in order to
demonstrate the relative importance
of various problems or causes of
problems.
CHECKSHEETS
Check sheets
-are also known as ‘data collection sheets
and tally charts’.
Check sheets are non-statistical and
comparatively easy. They are used to
capture data in a manual, reliable,
formalized way so that decisions can be
made based on facts.
Check sheets are a simple
way of gathering data so that
decisions can be based on
facts, rather than anecdotal
evidence.
NOTE:
The data does not give solution, it
only identify the biggest cause or
problem in situation.
HISTOGRAM

Histograms are a form of bar chart.

-they are used to measure the
frequency distribution of data that is
normally grouped together in ranges or
"bins".
Bars represent the number of
observations falling within consecutive
intervals. Because each bar represents
many observations, a histogram is
most useful with a large amount of
data.
CONTROL CHART

Control chart focuses on monitoring

performance over time by looking at the
variation in data points and, distinguishes
between common cause and special
Cause variations.
Control charts are the most complicated of
the basic tools of TQM, but are based on
simple principles. The charts are made by
plotting in sequence the measured values
of samples taken from a process.
Control limits are values that sample
measurements are not expected to exceed
unless some special cause changes the
process.
SCATTER DIAGRAM

A scatter diagram is a graphical

representation of how one variable changes
with respect to another. The variables are
plotted on axes at right angles to each
other and the scatter in the points gives a
measure of confidence in any correlation
shown.
FLOW CHART
A flow chart is a visual representation of a
process. It is not statistical, but is used to
piece together the actual process as it is
carried out, which quite often varies from
how the process owner imagines it is.
Seeing it visually makes identifying both
inefficiencies and potential improvements
easier.
 GROUP 5
 Members:
Jeneveve Dela Cruz
Elaine Masiglat
Josephine Abuya
Ma Theresa Rosal Ventinilla
May Roselyn Epan
Roshyl Castro
Samboy Frias
Jayson Barongan