Makes ATP for Energy Mithocondrion organel

celular Celullar Respiration

Map genomic mtDNA
 Organel semiotonom

Hubungan fungsional antara inti dengan mitokondria

Matriks berisi cairan menyerupai gel

Sheeler & Bianchi (1983), struktur mitokondria :

 krista menyerupai lembaran misalnya krista pada
mitokondria sel hati
 krista menyerupai tumpukan uang logam misalnya
pada mitokondria sel ginjal, dan
 krista seperti jala yang dibentuk oleh saluran-
saluran yang saling beranastomosis

Krista sel hati Krista sel ginjal Krista sel saraf

Mitokondria pada sel otot lurik Mitokondria pada ekor sel sperma
 ATP Production

The pathway for the oxidation of organic compound and

conservation of energi in ATP can be divided two major
groups :
• Fermentation : absence any added
terminal electron transport [electron
donor, electron aceptor]
• Respiration : in wich molecular oxygen or
some other oxidant serves as the terminal
electron aceptor electron donor,
electron aceptor, electron transfer
system]
Catabolic diversity fot ATP product
 : Formation energy in sitoplasm

: Formation energi via electron transfer in membrane (ATP

Syntahase

Energy conservation in fermentation and respiration

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ETC
 Glycolisis

EMP PP ED
Embden Pentosa
Meyerhoff Parnas Etner Doudoroff
Phosphate

EMP glukosa 6-phosphate fruktosa 6 phospahte

ED & PP glukosa 6-phosphate 6 phosphogluconate
A closer look at
glycolysis
pentose
phosphate(PP)
A closer look at
glycolysis Etner
Doudoroff
(ED) ;
Zymomonas
mobilis
 Final product of Three glycolisis pathway

Charasteristic EMP PP ED
ATP 2 1 1
NAD (P)H 2 3 (P) 2
Final Compound 2 pyruvate 1 pyruvate 2 pyruvate
3 CO2
Carbohydrate Catabolism by the
Glycolytic Pathway
 An Overview Aerobic
v Respiration
 Energy Investment phase

Glycolysis
Fermentasi
 Pyruvate
Oxidation
procces

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the step berofe the citric

acid cycle
 The citric
acid cycle
 Electron
Transpor
Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP Chain
syntesis
 Total 10 H + Total 6 H +
1 ATP = 3 H + 1 ATP = 3 H +
1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP
 FADH

Major Components
of the Respiratory
Complexes
 Complex I
NADH-Coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
(NADH dehidrogenase)

• Electron transfer from NADH to CoQ

• More than 30 protein subunits - BM850 kD
• Pathway:
– NADH  FMN  Fe-S  UQ FeS  UQ
• Four H+ transported out per 2 e-
4

NADH  FMN  Fe-S  UQ FeS  UQ

 Succinate dehydrogenase (from TCA cycle!)
• Pathway: succinate  FADH2  2Fe2+  UQH2
 Complex II
Succinate-Coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
(Succinate dehidrogenase)

succinate  FADH2  2Fe2+  UQH2

 Complex III
Coenzyme Q cytchrome c- oxidoreductase
(Cytochrome b/c1 complex)

• CoQ passes electrons to cyt c (and pumps H+) in a

unique redox cycle known as the Q cycle
• The principal transmembrane protein in complex III is
the b cytochrome - with hemes bL and bH
• Cytochromes, like Fe in Fe-S clusters, are one- electron
transfer agents
• Study Figure complex III - the Q cycle
• UQH2 is a lipid-soluble electron carrier
• cyt c is a water-soluble electron carrier
4
 Complex IV
Cytchrome c- oxidase

• Electrons from cyt c are used in a four-electron

reduction of O2 to produce 2H2O
• Oxygen is thus the terminal acceptor of
electrons in the electron transport pathway -
the end!
• Cytochrome c oxidase utilizes 2 hemes (a and a3)
and 2 copper (Tembaga Cu) sites
• Complex IV also transports H+
2
 How Much ATP Product ??
Glycolysis---Pyruvate---Citric acid cycle
Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration
Malate-aspartate shuttle
Glycerophosphate shuttle

Or 36 or 38
 Shuttle Systems for e -
Most NADH used in electron transport is cytosolic and
NADH doesn't cross the inner mitochondrial
membrane
• What to do??
• "Shuttle systems" effect electron movement without
actually carrying NADH
Glycerophosphate shuttle stores electrons in glycerol-3-P,
which transfers electrons to FAD
Skeletal muscle, nerve, brain cells and other tissue

Malate-aspartate shuttle uses malate to carry electrons

across the membrane
Heart, kidney and liver cells
 Shuttle systems" effect electron movement without actually carrying NADH

1NADH x 3 ATP

1NADH x 2 ATP

4 4 2

Malat-aspartat shuttle
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
ETC in Membran
Glycerol 3-phospahate shuttle
 2 6
4
3

FADH 2
FADH 2

Glycerol 3-phospahate shuttle

 10
4 2
4
3

NADH+H

NADH+H

Malat- aspartat shuttle

 ATP-ADP Translocase

ATP must be transported out of the mitochondria

• ATP out, ADP in - through a "translocase"
• So every ATP transported out costs one H+
• One ATP synthesis costs about 3 H+
• Thus, making and exporting 1 ATP = 4H+
 What is the P/O Ratio??
How many ATP made per electron pair through the
chain?
• e- transport chain yields 10 H+ pumped out per
electron pair from NADH to oxygen
• 4 H+ flow back into matrix per ATP to cytosol
• 10/4 = 2.5 for electrons entering as NADH
• For electrons entering as succinate (FADH2), about
6 H+ pumped per electron pair to oxygen
• 6/4 = 1.5 for electrons entering as succinate
It depends on which shuttle is used!
• 30 ATP per glucose if glycerol-3-P shuttle used
• 32 ATP per glucose if malate-asp shuttle used
 Yield of ATP from Glucose in bacteria
In bacteria - no mitochondria - no extra H+ used
to export ATP to cytosol, so: 38 ATP per glucose
10/3 = ~3ATP/NADH
6/3 = ~ 2ATP/FADH2
Yield of ATP from Glucose in Plant
 Ali bin Abi Thalib radiallahu anhu
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