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The study of motion, and the related concepts of force and mass, is called mechanics.
We begin our investigation into motion by examining kinematics, the branch of
mechanics that deals with the characteristics of motion. You will need to understand
kinematics to understand the rest of this course. Motion permeates all of physics, and an
understanding of kinematics is needed to understand how force and mass effect motion.
Starting in Chapter 4, we look at dynamics, which relates motion, force, and mass.
For example, the shown figure shows a student on a bicycle at position xi at time ti .
At a later time, tf , the student is at position xf . The change in the student’s position,
xf - xi , is called a displacement. We use the Greek letter ∆ (uppercase delta) to
indicate the change in a quantity; thus, the change in x can be written as
Example 1 : You are playing a game of catch with a dog. The dog is initially standing near your
feet. Then he jogs 20 feet in a straight line to retrieve a stick, and carries the stick 15 feet back
toward you before lying on the ground to chew on the stick.
(a) What is the total distance the dog travels?
(b) What is the net displacement of the dog?
(c) Show that the net displacement for the trip is the sum of the sequential displacements that
make up the trip.
Because the total distance and total time are both always positive, the average
speed is always positive.
Average Velocity
The average speed describes how fast is the particle is moving. The more useful
quantity is the average velocity which describes how fast and in which direction the
particle is moving.
In calculus, this limit is called the derivative of x with respect to t and is written dx/dt.
Using this notation, the above equation becomes:
Average acceleration
Instantaneous
acceleration
but
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Phys. 1421. Fall 2014- Chapter 2 15
By definition, we have
and