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analog form
A digital system uses a sequence of discrete,
discontinuous values or symbols to represent
information
Discrete information has a finite “alphabet”
Examples include letters, numbers, icons, and binary data
The information rate and the capacity of a
digital channel are measured in bits per
second (bps)
Use a continuous signal to represent either
continuous or discrete information sources
Sources include sounds, music, and video
Expressed as an oscillation (sine wave format)
of frequency
Information rate and channel capacity are
measured in hertz (Hz) of bandwidth (1 Hz = 1
cycle per second)
To get a good representation of sound in digital
format we need to sample its amplitude at a rate
(samples per second, or smp/s) equal to at least twice
the maximum frequency (in Hz) range of the analog
signal
Telephone quality: 8000 smp/s, each sample using 8 bits
8 bits * 8000 smp/s = 64 kbps to transmit
CD audio quality: 44,100 smp/s, each sample using 16 bits
16 bits * 44,100 smp/s = 1.41mbps to transmit clearly
Quantization
The process after sampling that puts signal amplitudes in
digital form
Lossless compression
Audio compression Receivers can reproduce an
algorithms can be exact digital duplicate of the
used to reduce the original audio stream
transmitted by the sender by
bandwidth expanding/decompressing
requirements for the file that is received
transmitting digital
audio streams over Lossy compression
communication lines Irreversible changes are
made to original file that
diminishes the quality of the
original audio stream when
the receiver decompresses
the file
International Reference
Alphabet (IRA)
Consist of information that Most commonly used text
code
can be represented by a
The U.S. national version of
finite alphabet of symbols IRA is referred to as the
Examples include text and American Standard Code for
numerical information Information Interchange
Symbols are represented by (ASCII)
groups of 8 bits (octets or Each character in this code is
bytes) represented by a unique 7-bit
Textual data need to be pattern
converted to binary digits Almost always stored and
(bits) for data processing transmitted using 8 bits per
and communications character
Eighth bit is a parity bit used for
systems error detection
UTF-8 Unicode
UCS [Universal Character Set] Supported in numerous
Transformation Format – 8 programming languages
8 bit code that is backward Also supported by the
compatible with ASCII operating systems used on
Supports variable-length most computing and
encoding communication devices
Capable of representing 16-bit code that is backward
symbols and characters used in compatible with IRA/ASCII
all the major languages spoken Used to represent characters
around the world for most of the writing systems
Became the dominant used worldwide
character-encoding scheme on
the World Wide Web in 2007
The networking and infrastructure
requirements for supporting data- Encryption is widely used to
oriented business applications vary protect data while it is being
widely depending largely on the transmitted and important business
types and volumes of data that files are often stored in encrypted
need to be generated, transmitted, form
and stored
DS-0 = 56 kbps
DS-1 = 1.544 Mbps
DS-3 = 44.736 Mbps
Image is represented as a collection of straight and
curved line segments
Simple objects and more complex objects are defined
by the grouping of line segments
Competing requirements