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OUR
PRESENTATION
PRESENTATION TOPIC:
FAJAN'S RULE
Submitted To: Prof Dr. Shaila kabir
Submitted By:
1. Nusat Jahan Nitu UG08-35-19-047
2. Ariful Islam Probal UG08-35-19-049
3. Sanjida Mim UG08-35-19-049
4. UG08-35-19-050
 FAJAN’S RULES

Fajans' rules, formulated by Kazimierz

Fajans in 1923. Fajans' rule states that a
compound with low positive charge, large
cation and small anion has ionic bond where
as a compound with high positive charge,
small cation and large anion are covalently
bonded. For high charge, small cation will
have more polarizing power.
For example:-
Li
Na
K
Na+ Cl- K+ Cl- Rb Size is increasing
Cs
Fr

The Size of cation Na+ < K+, So we can say that the polarization
power and covalent properties are large in NaCl.

F
AgCl AgF
Cl
Br Size is increasing
Ag+ Cl- Ag+F-
I
But the size of Cl- > F-
So polarization power also large in AgCl
 TENDENCY OF ION TO FORM
COVALENT BOND

Whether ions C+ and A- of an ionic molecule,

C+A- whose both the ions are symmetrical
come closer to each other,each of the ion get
distorted or polarized by other ions.But the
polarization produced by C+ cation in A-
anion is appreciable while that produced by
A- in C+ cation is negligible i.e C+ cation is
distorted by A- anion to a smaller extent while
A- anion is distorted by C+ cation to a larger
extent,Now C+A- molecule has distorted ions
 FACTORS OF FAJAN’S RULES
Whether a chemical bond will be covalent or ionic and depend on the charge on the cation
and the relative size of cation and anion.The magnitude of polarization or increased covalent
character depends upon a number of factors.These are:
1.Charge either on cation or an anion should be large: Higher the positive
charge on the cation,greater its polarising power to polarize a nearby anion.The increase in
polarizing power of the cation increases the covalent character of the bond.
Similarly higher the negative charge on the anion,higher will be its polarizability.
For
+
Example:
- 2+ - 3+ - - 4+ -
Li - Cl < Be -Cl < B - Cl < C - Cl
4
C Cl is largely covalent while other chlorides are largely Ionic.
 CONT…..

2.Size of the cation should be small: Smaller the size of

cation,greater its polarising power and hence greater its tendency to
form covalent compound.
For example:
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ -
Be -Cl -> Mg -Cl->Ca -Cl => Sr -Cl -> Ba - Cl
(0.31Å)
2 (0.65Å) (0.99Å ) (1.13Å) (1.35Å)
BeCl is largely covalent while other chlorides are largely Ionic.
 CONT…..

3) Size of the anion should be large: Larger the size of anion,more strongly or easily it will be
polarised by a given cation i.e more will be its polarizability and hence greater will be the tendency of the
cation to form covalent compounds.

For example:
Na + -I -› Na+ -Br -› Na+ -Cl -› Na + -F -
(2.16Å) (1.95Å) (1.81Å) (1.36Å)
AlF3 ‹ AlCl 3 ‹ AlBr3 ‹ AlI 3
Al-I 3 and Al-Br3 covalent,AlCl 3
 CONT…..
4) Cation should have 18 electron valence shell
configuration: The Cation with ns2 p6 d10 configuration has greater
polarizing power than the cation with 8- electron balance shell
configuration ns 3 p6 and hence has greater tendency to form covalent
compound
For examplens
2p 6 d10 greater polarising power (CuCl)
ns2p6 lower polarising power (NaCl)
AgI Covalent; NaI Ionic
 CONT…..

5) Solubility of compound in non polar and polar solvents:

Increasing of polarisation increasing in covalent character increasing
solubility in non polar solovent

6)Melting Point:
When melting point is decreasing, polarization power is increasing so covalent character is
also increasing.
THANK
YOU