STRATEGIES

FOR
ENHANCEMENT
IN FOOD
PRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
As the world population is
increasing day by day, it is
necessary to increase the
production of food obtained
from both plants and animals.
For this reason the scientists
are engaging in developing
new strategies like animal
breeding, plant breeding,
embryo transfer technology,
tissue culture etc. believing
that it would play a pivotal
role in enhancing food
production.
 ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY
 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 It is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising live stock.
 It basically deals with the care and breeding of live stocks like
buffaloes, cows, horses, sheep's etc that play a pivotal role in
everyday life.
 If extended it includes poultry, farming and fisheries.
 The ever increasing demand of food from animals and animal
products both in terms of quantity and quality can be met by
good animal husbandry practices.
 These measures includes: a) Management of farm and farm
animals.
b) Animal breeding .
MANAGEMENT OF FARM AND FARM ANIMALS

 The production and management of farm animals require

definite planning and professional approach to traditional
practices to boost up the animal food production.

 Some of the management procedures employed in various

animal farm systems are as below:
a) Dairy farm management: Includes management and
rearing of cattle's.
b) Poultry farm management: Includes management and
rearing of fowls.
DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT
DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT
 It is basically the management of
animals which provides milk and milk
products for human consumption.
 The most common dairy animals
being cows, buffaloes and goats.
 In this we deal with processes and
systems that increase yield and
improve quality of products.
 These includes:
a) Selection of good breeds
b) Proper care
c) Proper feeding
d) Stringent cleanliness and hygiene
e) Regular inspections by veterinary
doctors.
POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT
 POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT
The term “poultry” generally refers to the class of domesticated
fowl used for the food and their eggs.
 It is basically the management of fowls which provides egg and
meat for human consumption. The most common fowls being
chickens, ducks, geese and pigeons.
 It also requires similar management practices as dairy farming
which includes:
a) Selection of good breeds: Breeds having high yielding
potential under the climatic conditions of the area, combined
with resistance to disease is very important in order to get high
yielding products.
b) Proper care: For higher yields the cattles or fowls have to be
well looked after. They have to be kept in accomodation
having adequate ventilation, sufficient light and water along
with good drainage systems in order to protect them from
diseases.
 c) Proper feeding: Feeding should be carried in a
scientific manner with special emphasis on
quality and quantity of fodder. A balanced
feed includes two types of substances are:

1) Roughage: Includes coarse and fibrous substances having low

nutrient content for e.g.. Green fodder, hay and grass.
2) Concentrates: Includes fodder low in fibre but high in protein
and other nutrients for eg. Cereals, millets, gram and etc.
d) Stringent cleanliness and hygiene: These are most important
features in managing fowls and cattle's. Their living area should
be free from accumulation of dirt and garbage. All the persons
concerned with them must be in good health and should follow
procedures consistent with good sanitary techniques.
e) Regular inspections by veterinary doctors: Required to look after the
health of farm animals and fowls.
ANIMAL BREEDING
ANIMAL BREEDING
 Breeding of animals is an
important aspect of animal
husbandry.
 It is basically a practice of
producing improved breeds of
domesticated animals by
improving their genotypes through
selective mating.
 It aims at increasing the yield of
animals and improving the
desirable qualities of the produce.
 Breed consists of a group of
animals related by descent and
similar in most characters like
appearance, features, size,
configuration and etc.
 METHODS OF ANIMAL BREEDING
There are different methods of animal breeding. The two main types of
breeding are:
1) Inbreeding: Involves the mating of more closely related
individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. For e.g.
superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified
and mated in pairs.
 The progeny obtained from such mating are evaluated.

 It increases homozygosis.
 It also exposes harmful recessive genes that can be eliminated by
selection.
 It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and developes a

pureline in any animal.

Improved breed of cattle (JERSEY) in India.
 INBREEDING DEPRESSION
 It is basically a disadvantage associated with continued
inbreeding.
 It may be defined as the loss of fertility and productivity as a
result of inbreeding.
 This happens because of the harmful effects of recessive
alleles of most of the genes will not be expressed if they are in
heterozygous state in an animal.
 Whenever this becomes a problem of selected animals of the
breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior
animals of the same breed which helps in restoring fertility
and productivity.
2) Out breeding: it is basically a practice of breeding of unrelated
animals. It is of three types and they are:
a) Between individuals of same breed (Out crossing): It is a
practice of mating of animals within the same breed which do not
have common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6
generations.
b) Between different breeds (cross breeding): In this superior
male of 1 breed is mated with superior female of another breed. It
helps in bringing the desired qualities of two different breeds
together. This strategy has helped in developing many new animal
breeds for instance: a new breed of sheep- Hisardale; has been
developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
c) Breeding of different species (Inter-specific hybridization): It
is the practice of mating of male and female animals of two
different species, thus the progeny obtained may combine desirable
features of both the parents for e.g. Mule produced from a cross
between male donkey and a female horse.
MULE (Produced by cross between female horse and male donkey)
3) Controlled breeding experiments: It involves the techniques of

a) Artificial insemination (AI): In this method the semen of

superior male is collected and injected into the reproductive tract
of selected female. The semen can be used immediately or can be
frozen and used later. AI is quite advantageous process and helps
to overcome the problems of normal mating.

b) Multiple embryo transfer technology (MOET): This technique

involves the transfer of developing embryos to surrogate mother’s
for further development and it also involves the production of 6-8
eggs. The fertilized egg at 8-32 cell stages are recovered non
surgically and then transferred to the surrogate mother's. This
technology has been demonstrated for cattle, sheep, buffalos,
mares etc.
Animal breeding in organisms
 APICULTURE
 It is basically the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the
production of honey, most common species being Apis indica
 It can be practiced in any area where there are sufficient bee
pastures of some wild shrubs and cultivated crops.
 For rearing honey bees beehives can be kept in ones verandah,
roof of the house. It is not a labor-intensive job.
Some tips for bee keeping are as follows:
1) knowledge of nature and habitat of bees.
2) selection of suitable location for keeping bee hives.
3) catching and hiving of swarms.
4) handling and collection of honey.
5) management of bee hives during different seasons.
Bee Keeping
Maintenance of Bee’s
 FISHERIES

 It is a kind of industry associated with catching, processing

and selling of fish or other aquatic organisms.
 It has an important place in Indian economy as it provides
income and employments to millions of fisherman and
farmers.
 In order to meet the increasing demand on fisheries, different
techniques had been employed to increase production. For e.g.
aquaculture and pisciculture we have been able to increase the
production of aquatic plants and animals.
FISHERIES
TYPES OF FISHERIES

Two different types of

fisheries are:
1) Capture fisheries:
obtaining fishes from
natural resources
like ocean, ponds etc.
2) Culture fishing: basically
a fish farming.
PLANT BREEDING
 PLANT BREEDING
 Many present day crops are result of domestication in ancient
times. But today all major crops are derived from domesticated
varieties.
 Plant breeding is manipulation of plant species in order to
create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation.
 Classically plant breeding involves crossing of pure lines.
Followed by artificial selection to produce plants with desirable
traits of higher yields, nutrition and resistance to disease.
 Plant breeding programmes are carried out in a systematic way
to get good results.
METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING
Plant breeding has to be carried out in a specified manner
The main steps in plant breeding are as follows:
1) Collection of variability: it is the root of breeding
programme. It includes collection and preservation of all
different wild varieties, species and relatives of the
cultivated species for the exploitation of genes available in
the population. The entire collection of all the diverse alleles
for all the genes in a given crop is called germplasm
collection.
2) Evaluation and selection of parents: the germplasm is
evaluated to identify plants with desirable combination of
characters. The selected plants are multiplied and are used
for hybridization.
Selection is of two types and they are:
a) Selection in self pollinated crops: Self pollination causes rapid
increase in homozygosis. Thus population in self pollinated crops are
mixtures of different homozygous genotype. Selection in such crops
isolates the homozygous genotype present in the population. This
genotype may be used as a new variety.
b) Selection in cross pollinated crops: These crops are
heterozygous for most of their genes. In any decrease in heterozygosis
reduces their performance. Selection in them aims at increasing the
frequency of superior genotypes.

3) Cross hybridization among selected parents: The desired characters

have very often to be combined from two different plants (parents).
This is possible by cross hybridizing the two parents to produce
hybrids that genetically combine the desired characters in 1 plant. Also
it is not necessary that the hybrids do combine all the desirable
characters in a single combination for e.g. high protein quality of 1
parent may need to combined with disease resistance from another
plant.
General steps in Plant Breeding
4) Selection and testing of superior recombinants: In this step the plants
which have the combination of desired characters are selected from
the progeny of hybrids. This selection process yields plants that are
superior to both of the parents. The selected plants are then self-
pollinated for several generations till they reach the state of
uniformity. It ensures non-regregation of characters in the progeny.

5) Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivators: The

newly selected lines are evaluated for their yields and other agronomic
traits etc. this evaluation is done by growing the selected lines in a
research fields under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other
crop management practices and their performance is recorded. After
the evaluation in the research fields, the material is evaluated in the
farmer’s fields, for at least three growing seasons at different agro
climatic zones, where the crop is usually grown.
VARIETY IMPROVEMENT OF SOME CROPS
 India is an agricultural country.
About 62% of Indian populationis
engaged in agriculture, which
accounts for about 33% of
country’s population. The
development of several high
yielding varieties of some crops
production increased in mid
1960s. Some high yielding
varieties of crops are given
below:
1) wheat and rice: the
Wheat and Rice development of semi dwarf
varieties of wheat and rice
increased the yield.
High Yielding Varieties of Some Crops
Wheat Rice

Sugarcane Variety of Millets

In 1963 several varieties such as Sonalika, Kalyan sona etc which
were high yielding were introduced all over the wheat growing
zone in India. Similarly rice varieties were also introduced like
Jaya and Ratna.
Sugarcane
2) Sugarcane: It is cultivated in many parts of the
country. Saccharam barbari was originally grown
in north India. But, Saccharam officinarum
grown in South India had thicker stems and
higher sugar content. These two species were
crossed to get sugarcanes
combining both of the Millets
desirable qualities.

3) Millets: Hybrid breeding

have led to the
development of high
yielding varieties of
millets.
PLANT BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
A wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens affect the
yield of cultivated crop species especially in tropical climates.
Therefore, resistance of host plant is the ability to prevent the
pathogen from causing disease and is determined by the genetic
constitution of the host plant. Methods of breeding for disease
resistance are as follows:
1) Conventional method: It involves hybridization and selection
and the steps are essentially identical to plant breeding for any
other agronomic characters.
2) Mutation breeding: It is the process by which genetic
variations are created through changes in the base sequence
within genes and chromosome number. It is also possible to
induce mutations artificially through chemicals or radiations
(gamma radiation) and selecting and using the plant that has
desirable character as a source in breeding- mutation breeding.
For e.g. in mung bean resistance to yellow mosaic virus.
BREEDING FOR DEVELOPING RESISTANCE TO
INSECTS

Another major cause for large scale destruction of crop plant is

insect and pest infection. Insect resistance in host crop plant may
be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological
characters. Hairy leaves in certain plants are associated with
resistance to insects.
Breeding methods for insects pest resistance involves the same
steps as those for any other trade. Sources of resistance genes
may be cultivated varieties, germplasm collection for the crop.
For e.g. high aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar content in
maize leads to resistance to maize stem borers.
Symptoms of diseased plants
Pineapple disease - Brown rust - Wheat
Sugarcane

Late blight - Potato

 PLANT BREEDING FOR IMPROVED FOOD
QUALITY
More than 840 million people in the world do not have adequate
food to meet their daily and food requirements. A few greater
number suffer from disease due to this. One such method for
improving food quality is biofortification.

Biofortification: It means breeding crops with higher levels of

vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and fats. Breeding for
improved nutritional quality is undertaken with the objectives of
improving: a) Protein content and quality.
b) Oil content and quality.
c) Vitamin content.
d) Micronutrient and mineral content.
 Breeding in biofortification

Biofortification in bean plant

 SINGLE CELL PROTEIN
The world population is increasing rapidly, therefore the
agricultural production is not able to meet the demand of food at
the rate at which population is increasing. One of the method to
meet the increase in human population is to provide nutrients
from alternate sources. The alternate source for protein for
animal and human nutrition is the proteins obtained from
microorganisms called single cell protein (SCP).
Cells from variety of organisms treated in various ways and
used as or feed are called single cell protein. The term SCP my
be misleading since the biomass is obtained from both
unicellular and multicellular microorganisms.
Microbes are being grown on an industrial scale as a source of
good protein for e.g. microbes like Spirulina can be grown
easily on materials like waste water from potato processing
plants, animal manure and even sewage to produce large
quantity, can serve as a food rich in protein minerals,

Cells of SCP
carbohydrates and vitamins. Moreover such utilizations reduces
environmental pollution. These days microbes are also accepted
as food world over.
Extraction of nutrient from SCP
 TISSUE CULTURE
As traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace with
demand and efficient systems for crop improvement, another
technology called tissue culture got developed. This term was
coined by scientists in 1950’s, where the whole plan could be
generated from explants (any part of the plant taken out and
grown in a test tube). This capacity to generate a whole plant
from explants is called Totipotency. The plants grown in this
method should be grown in an appropriate nutrient medium that
provides a carbon source such as sucrose, vitamins, amino acids
and growth regulators like auxin. The method of producing
through tissue culture is called micropropogation. Another
application of this method is the recovery of healthy plants from
diseased one’s.
Methods of Tissue Culture
TECHNIQUES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
The various steps involved in this are:
a) Preparation of suitable nutrient medium: A suitable medium
as per the culture is prepared. It must contain inorganic salts,
vitamins, amino acids and desired growth regulators, as these
regulators are needed for cell division and organ regeneration
from the cultures.
b) Isolation of explant: In this, the explant is taken out from the
plant that has to be kept in the culture.
c) Sterilization: It is essential that the explants, culture vessels,
media and the instruments are used for the plant tissue culture
should be free from microbes. These are therefore treated with
some specific antimicrobial chemicals and distilled water. This
is called surface sterilization. The vessels are also treated with
stream, dry heat and this is called sterilization.
d) Inoculation: These sterilized explants are transferred to culture
medium under aseptic conditions in this step.
e) Incubation: These cultures are usually kept in culture rooms at
about 24*c to 50-60% humidity with some illumination.
f) Hardening: The plantlets through tissue culture are removed
from culture vessels and are exposed to environmental
conditions. This is called as hardening. During this plantlets
are kept under reduced light and high humidity for a suitable
period of time.

g) Establishment in the field:

After hardening the
plantlets are transferred to
green house or fields for
their further
developments.
Tiny plantlets obtained by T.C.
Process of Tissue Culture
 SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION

Scientists have even isolated single

cells from plants and after digesting
their cell walls have been able
to isolate naked protoplast. These
isolated protoplast from two different
varieties of plants – each having a
desirable character can be fused to get
hybrid protoplast which can be further
grown to form a new plant. These
hybrids are called somatic hybrids,
while the process is called
somatic hybridization.
Thank you!!!

By:

MANISHA
XII B