Raw Material and basic material for

chemical industries
• A raw material, also known as a feedstock, unprocessed material, or primary
commodity: basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products,
energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished
products
or
• Basic substance in its natural, modified, or semi-processed state, used as an
input to a production process for subsequent modification or transformation
into a finished good
• Usually, raw materials are natural resources – for example oil, iron and wood

Sulfur at harbor, ready to be loaded onto a ship
The majority of the sulfur produced in the
United States is used to make sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid has multiple uses in the
production of chemicals, petroleum
products and a wide range of other
industrial applications. Sulfur's main use is
in making chemicals for agriculture,
mostly for fertilizers. Other uses of sulfur
include refining petroleum, metal mining,
and the production of organic and
inorganic chemicals. A multitude of
products (such as the production of rubber
for automobile tires) require sulfur in one
form or another during some stage of their
manufacture.
 • The composition of latex sap consists of 30-40% rubber
particles, 55-65% water, and small amounts of protein,
sterol glycosides, resins, ash, and sugars.
• Rubber has high elasticity and a
polymer molecular structure. This structure consists of a
long chain made up of tens of thousands of smaller units,
called monomers, strung together. Each monomer unit
has a molecular size comparable with that of a simple
substance such as sugar. Other special chemicals are
Latex being collected from used as preservatives or stimulants during the harvesting
a tapped rubber tree process.
• Both synthetic and natural rubber production require the
use of vulcanizing chemicals, primarily sulfur. Fillers such
as carbon black are also added to provide extra strength
and stiffness. Oil is often used to help processing and
reduce cost
Raw Material Selection Characteristics
• Availability
• Accessibility
• Concentration
• Cost of extraction (impact, resources)
• Competition for material
• Alternatives
• Raw materials: petroleum, agriculture, and mines products

convert them into

Raw materials (natural

intermediates
procures raw materials (base
from natural materials/chemicals to renewable

resources)
environments (agricultural, forestry, fishery,
every other kind of and wildlife products)
industry
nonrenewable
(metals, minerals, and organic
materials)
• Sources of natural environment:
a. The earth's crust (lithosphere)
b. The marine and oceanic environment Fossil fuel: coal, natural gas,
(hydrosphere) and petroleum
c. The air (atmosphere)
d. The plants (biosphere)
• Renewable material:
agricultural materials: source
of raw materials for he
manufacturing of soap, paint,
ink, lubricants, greases, paper,
cloth, drugs
• Nonrenewable feedstock based
on fossil fuels: synthetic fibers,
plastics, synthetic oils, and
petrochemicals

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Raw mateials

primary raw materials

basic intermediates
 Basic chemicals
• produced in large quantities, are mainly sold within
the chemical industry and to other industries before
becoming products for the general consumer
• methanol, commonly produced from oil and natural
gas
• ethene are transported to companies => poly(ethene)
and other polymers
• ammonia is used to make nitric acid
Basic chemicals
Basic organic
Basic inorganic
Basic organic
The organic compounds are either building
blocks such as ethene, propene, butadiene and
benzene and how they are used to make plastics
and pharmaceuticals, or compounds made from
these building blocks, such as ethane-1,2-diol,
ethanoic acid and methanal, useful in their own
right or are used to make other useful
compounds
Basic inorganic
The inorganic chemicals included calcium
carbonate, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, nitric
acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and
sulphuric acid, which are used to make other
compounds, including plastics, fertilizers, soaps
and surfactants, and building materials
PENANGANAN BAHAN BAKU
Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk efisiensi penggunaan bahan baku, dengan
cara :
• Memantau konsumsi bahan baku dan penunjang serta merencanakan produksi secara
maksimal.
• Mengkaji kehilangan bahan baku dan penunjang secara rutin dan terencana mulai dari
pengangkutan pada saat pembelian, penyimpanan dan pemakaian.
• Menghindari kehilangan akibat tumpahan dan / atau kebocoran pada pipa maupun
peralatan.
• Melaksanakan pemeliharaan peralatan untuk mencegah terjadinya kerusakan bahan
baku dan penunjang.
• Mengganti dan / atau mengurangi pemakaian bahan baku dan penunjang yang bersifat
berbahaya dan beracun (B3) terhadap lingkungan dan manusia.
PENYIMPANAN BAHAN BAKU
Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi terjadinya tumpahan, rusaknya kualitas bahan
baku akibat kadaluarsa maupun kontak dengan media lain (udara, air, tanah, bahan lain,
dll), dengan cara:
• Memantau mutu bahan baku yang dibeli, termasuk kemasan. Kemasan yang rusak dapat
menyebabkan rusaknya kualitas bahan.
• Menyimpan bahan baku dan penunjang secara benar dan baik. Misalnya tempat
penyimpanan harus terhindar dari banjir maupun kebocoran atap.
• Melakukan penyimpanan dan pengambilan bahan dengan menerapkan prinsip “yang terlebih
dahulu masuk harus terlebih dahulu keluar/digunakan” atau istilah umumnya adalah first in
first out (FIFO)
• Menyimpan bahan berbahaya dan beracun sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.
• Membersihkan dan membuang dengan benar kemasan bekas, terutama kemasan bahan
berbahaya dan beracun sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.
• Menangani bahan yang berbahaya dan beracun dengan baik sesuai dengan aturan
keselamatan kerja. Misalnya harus mengenakan masker dan sarung tangan
Renewable Resources
There are a number of economic, environmental and other factors
affecting consumer purchasing and industry response to such pressures,
and other legislative developments that are prompting reassessment of
the opportunities and properties that plant-derived materials can offer.
Pressures include:

• Increasing costs of fossil fuels

• Pressure to reduce volumes of waste going to landfill at the end of
product life
• The ‘greening’ of consumer attitudes and increasing concern over the
origin of materials and impacts on the environment that arise from their
disposal
• Increasing pressure to curb greenhouse gas emissions
• The desire to reduce use of finite fossil fuels.
Plants can be exploited to produce feedstocks for the
chemical industry:
• Oils
• Carbohydrates – sugars, starch, cellulose, hemi-
cellulose
• Lignin
• Proteins
• Secondary metabolites