PHILIPPINE

BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
•The variety of life in the world or in a
particular habitat or ecosystem.
•A measure of variation at the genetic,
species, and ecosystem level.
 LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY
•Ecosystem Diversity
•Species Diversity
•Genetic Diversity
 ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
• It includes the variety of habitats,
communities, and ecological
processes in the living world.
• Ex. different ecosystems ranging
from tropical rain forest to coral
reef environment,
ECOSYSTEM
•A biological community of interacting
organisms and their physical
environment.
•Biotic and abiotic components are linked
together through nutrient cycles and
energy flows.
GENERAL TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Freshwater Ecosystem
Brackish/Estuarine Ecosystem
Saltwater/Marine Ecosystem
Special Ecosystems
 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
Forest types classified based on;
Altitude ranging from sea level to 3,000
meters above sea level.
Presence of dominant forest species and
endemic/native plants.
Amount of soil nutrient and moisture.
Type of soil minerals and soil chemistry
 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
(SUB TYPES) LOWER LEVEL
• Sub-alpine forest • Forest over limestone
• Mossy forest (karst)
• Montane forest (upper • Forest over ultrabasic soil
and lower) • Forest over ultramafic rocks
• Pine forest • Grassland (upland and
• Semi-deciduous forest lowland)
(moist deciduous) • Beach forest
• Lowland evergreen forest
SUB-ALPINE FOREST
MOSSY FOREST
MONTANE FOREST
PINE FOREST
SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST
LOWLAND EVERGREEN FOREST
KARST FOREST
FOREST OVER ULTRABASIC SOIL
FOREST OVER ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
GRASSLAND
BEACH FOREST
FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
• Inland wetlands classified based on
hydrodynamics and geography.
 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
(SUB TYPES) LOWER LEVEL
• Lacustrine: Lakes and ponds
• Riverine: rivers, streams, creeks
• Palustrine: marshes
LACUSTRINE
RIVERINE
PALUSTRINE
 BRACKISH/ESTUARINE
ECOSYSTEM
• Found along the shoreline and extending
seaward, found mostly in the mouths of
rivers.
• Classified based of dominant
species/genera.
• Coastal wetlands where sea water and
fresh water mix.
 ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEM
(SUB TYPES) LOWER LEVEL
•Mangrove swamp
•Nipa swamp
MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
NIPA ECOSYSTEM
SALTWATER ECOSYSTEM
• Coastal marine wetlands.
• Classified based on dominant
species/taxa, physical features, and
geography.
 MARINE ECOSYSTEM
(SUB TYPES) LOWER LEVEL
•Mudflats
•Seagrass belts
•Coral reefs
SEAGRASS BELTS
CORAL REEFS
 SPECIAL ECOSYSTEM
• Hallow spaces or cavities beneath the
surface of the Earth, often with one or
several opening to the surface.
• May be classified based on the nature of
mineral deposits and geological formations.
• Ex. Caves.
CAVES
 SPECIES DIVERSITY
• Refers to the number of different species in
the biosphere.
• Over 1.5 million species have been
identified yet there are still millions that
are not yet classified and discovered.
SPECIES
•Group of organisms that share the
same general characteristics and are
able to interbreed and produce an
offspring.
SPECIES RICHNESS
•The number of species present in a
community.
•Directly influence species diversity.
WHICH OF THE 2 ECOSYSTEM
HAS HIGHER SPECIES RICHNESS?
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
SPECIES RICHNESS
Evolutionary change on a certain species.
Geographic distribution
Ecological factors
Speciation
SPECIATION
•The evolutionary formation of new
biological species.
•The divergence of a single species into two
or more genetically distinct ones.
 SPECIES AS INDICATORS OF
ECOSYSTEM HEALTH
• Varies based on the scope or scale of
the study (Ex. local, national, or global
scale, or in land-based or water-based
ecosystems).
Ecological roles and functions
Socially constructed symbols
 ECOLOGICAL ROLES AND
FUNCTIONS
KEYSTONE SPECIES - The type on which many
others depend for biological needs such as food
and shelter.
SENSITIVE SPECIES - The type which exhibit the
tendency to disappear from a site or habitat
when subjected to external disturbances (Ex.
they have a narrow range of tolerance to
environmental changes).
TOLERANT SPECIES - can withstand changes to
their environment and are thus useful for
studying the impacts and consequences of the
said changes on the species itself and the
ecosystem within which it exists.
ENDEMIC SPECIES - In light of the exclusive
nature of endemic species within a certain area,
they also serve well as indicators of habitat and
ecosystem health.
 SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
SYMBOL
UMBRELLA SPECIES - This type of species covers
those with a large habitat or range, therefore
exerting a major ecological influence on the
community.
FLAGSHIP SPECIES - This qualification covers
species which have caught the sympathy and
support of the public, thus serving a role as an
aspirational icon for ecological conservation.
CHARISMATIC SPECIES - charismatic
species are well known to the public and
are regarded as symbols of the
conservation agenda. The reason for their
popularity is their distinctive features, such
as size, colorful appearance, and the like.
 GENETIC DIVERSITY
• Refers to the sum total of all different
forms of genetic information carried by all
organisms living in a particular habitat.
• Within each species – genetic diversity
refers to the total of all different forms of
genes present in that organism.
WHAT BENEFITS DO
WE GET FROM
BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity feeds the world.
Biodiversity provides air and water.
Biodiversity provides materials for
clothing and shelter
Biodiversity heals (medicinal source)
Biodiversity brings income to millions
Biodiversity soothes (recreation)
 MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
Provides outdoor recreation, Provides fish and breeding
education, ecotourism grounds and nurseries

Stores surface water and Maintains plant, animal and

reduces flood damage microbial biodiversity

Provides timber and other Provides wildlife habitat

vegetation for human use

Recharges underground
Sequesters Carbon aquifers

Filters and recycles N and P Act as bioshield from storm

released by human activity surge
into water
 HOW RICH IS
PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY?
 THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
CLIMATE CHANGE
DEFORESTATION
INTRODUCTION OF INVASIVE ALIEN
SPECIES (IAS)
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
HABITAT ALTERATION
POLLUTION
 ACTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (1992) – Rio de Janerio Brazil
Convention on Climate Change – targets
industrial and other emission s of greenhouse gas.
Convention on Biological Diversity – first global
agreement on the conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity
 THREE (3) GOALS OF CBD
Conservation of biodiversity
Sustainable use of the components of
biodiversity.
Sharing benefits arising from the
commercial and other utilization of genetic
resources in a fair and equitable way.
 WHAT CAN YOUTHS AND
SCHOOLS DO TO
CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY?