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Energy storage systems capture energy produced at one time for use later. Common examples include batteries, capacitors, and pumped hydro. Several types of batteries are discussed as suitable for energy storage in substations and power plants, including vented lead-acid, sealed maintenance-free, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and vanadium flow batteries. Key factors in selecting a battery include lifespan, maintenance needs, suitability for various applications, and cost effectiveness over the long-term.
Energy storage systems capture energy produced at one time for use later. Common examples include batteries, capacitors, and pumped hydro. Several types of batteries are discussed as suitable for energy storage in substations and power plants, including vented lead-acid, sealed maintenance-free, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and vanadium flow batteries. Key factors in selecting a battery include lifespan, maintenance needs, suitability for various applications, and cost effectiveness over the long-term.
Energy storage systems capture energy produced at one time for use later. Common examples include batteries, capacitors, and pumped hydro. Several types of batteries are discussed as suitable for energy storage in substations and power plants, including vented lead-acid, sealed maintenance-free, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, and vanadium flow batteries. Key factors in selecting a battery include lifespan, maintenance needs, suitability for various applications, and cost effectiveness over the long-term.
produced at one time for use at a later time. A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or secondary battery. Examples
Examples of accumulators include steam
accumulators, mainsprings, flywheel energy storage, hydraulic accumulators, rechargeable batteries, capacitors and pumped-storage hydroelectric plants. BATTERIES USED IN SUBSTATION AND POWER PLANT Vented / Flooded Lead Acid Batteries There are two types for vented or flooded lead acid batteries namely tubular and Plante. The difference between the two is the construction. For tubular battery normal life is 8-10 years. The Plante battery is both mechanically and electrically more durable. The normal life for Plante batteries is 15-20 years. Because this type of battery generates corrosive fumes when charging and because the sulfuric acid electrolyte does evaporate to some extent, these batteries must be used in a special room, which is well ventilated to the outside and kept away from delicate electronic equipments. CONT.... It needs separate room/racks with acid proof tiles for installation. Because of evaporation, it needs regular maintenance to check specific gravity, to add water and acid. These batteries can withstand high temperature, voltage, and deep discharge with minimum damage to itself. A notice should be exhibited in the battery room prohibiting smoking and use of naked flames . These batteries cannot be transported in charged condition and therefore need charging at site. Typical initial charging of the battery will take about 55 to 90 hours. Nominal cell voltage is 2V/cell. The charger for this battery should be able to provide the first charge at 2.6 to 2.7 V/cell. Sealed Maintenance Free batteries (SMF) These batteries are the most popular for usage with UPS systems for computer or commercial application. Being sealed, these batteries do not emit any fumes and hence can be very well installed next to electronic equipment. These batteries also can be housed in a close enclosure if necessary. These batteries are also maintenance free and avoid any hassles of checking specific gravity, adding water or acid, etc. These batteries have a relatively lesser life of approx. 3-5 years. The life expectancy typically depends on the number of charge/discharge cycle experienced by the batteries and the ambient temperature in which the batteries are used. These batteries are primarily the most popular for commercial applications due to “Install and forget” approach. Nickel Cadmium Batteries (Ni- Cd) Ni-cd batteries do emit hydrogen and oxygen gas, products of electrolysis, but there are no corrosive gases as lead acid batteries, so these can be installed near electronic equipment. Water consumption is relatively low and so therefore maintenance is low. Normal service life is 20-25 years. These are most expensive of the various types of batteries previously discussed. Initial cost may be approximately three times that of lead acid battery depending upon their AH capacity. These batteries do not experience the severe shortening of life when operated at elevated temperatures and perform better at low temperatures than do the lead acid batteries. Nominal cell voltage is 1.2 V/cell. The battery chargers and inverters have to be designed to operate with low end cell cutoff voltages and higher recharging voltages needed for such batteries. These batteries occasionally demand boost charging and typically find their applications wherein UPSs support critical equipment in hazardous environment such as chemical, fertilizer, cement industry. LITHIUM IRON BATTERY
RELiON lithium batteries provide up to 10
times longer life than lead-acid batteries, and they still provide 80% of rated capacity after 2,000 cycles. Most lithium-ion batteries last five years or more. The average lead-acid battery lasts just two years. Lead-acid batteries also need to be maintained, requiring water replacement to avoid structural damage; if they aren’t maintained properly, their life span is shortened even further. Because lithium batteries require no active maintenance, a one-time purchase guarantees longevity. Why lithium ion batteries?
Lithium battery strings typically have a
narrower voltage range requirement and higher minimum DC string voltage, which helps minimize the cost of the power- converter system relative to other battery technologies. Overall efficiency for an energy storage system (ESS) using lithium batteries will usually be higher than using flow or zinc- hybrid batteries. Discharge rate, climate, and duty cycle play a big role in efficiency. The duty cycle is the cycle of operation of a machine or device that produces intermittent work instead of continuous. Over time all lithium batteries degrade, and a replenishment, replacement, and disposal strategy is necessary when designing a system for a 20-year operating life. For storage durations of 30 minutes to three hours, lithium batteries are currently the most cost-effective solution, and have the best energy density compared to the alternatives. For longer durations, lithium may or may not be the most cost-effective choice depending on the application, particularly when considering lifetime costs . Lithium batteries are also highly configurable into a variety of string sizes and battery racks to create a wide range of voltages, power ratings, or energy increments. This allows for application-specific designs that can range from a few kilowatts with a few minutes of storage, up to multi-megawatt solutions with hours of storage that may be used at a utility substation or a wind farm. NISSAN LEAF BATTERY
40kwh lithium iron battery upto 150 miles
and 62kwh upto 226 miles. It can be used for 2 days power supply for a home. other batteries need to charge for 80% for 8 hours it takes only 4 hours. Microtex OPzS battery from 100Ah to 3000Ah to refer Tubular lead Acid Batteries Advantages of Microtex OPzS Batteries TOP UP ONCE A YEAR – reduced maintenance, for you! LONGER DISCHARGE TIME – dependable when needed LONG LIFE with German designs, these batteries are really trustworthy MINIMUM OPERATING COSTS with better return on investment Nuclear power plants Thermal Power Stations Hydro Power Generation Station Switchgear & Control applications Petrochemical plants Substation Battery bank Solar Photovoltaic power Large UPS systems Offshore oil rigs Telecommunications Vanadium-Flow Batteries
V-flow batteries are fully containerized,
nonflammable, compact, reusable over semi- infinite cycles, discharge 100% of the stored energy and do not degrade for more than 20 years. Used in thermal energy storage and hydro energy storage. It is mainly used in grid energy storage. The main advantages of the vanadium redox battery are that it can offer almost unlimited energy capacity simply by using larger electrolyte storage tanks; it can be left completely discharged for long periods with no ill effects; if the electrolytes are accidentally mixed, the battery suffers no permanent damage;