11 Grade

 When you write or speak, you name people

and things. The words you use to name
people and things are nouns. After you write
or say a noun, you do not have to repeat it
again and again. You can use a pronoun in its
place.
 In this Chapter you will learn about kinds of
pronouns and how to use them in sentences.
 To understand how pronouns and
antecedents work together
 To identify and use personal pronouns
 To identify and use relative pronouns
 To identify and use interrogative pronouns
 To identify and use demonstrative pronouns
 To identify and use indefinite pronouns
 To write contractions that use pronouns
 Pronoun A word that takes the place of one
or more nouns
 Antecedent The noun or nouns that a
pronoun replaces
 Personal pronoun A pronoun that refers to a
person or a thing
 First-person pronoun A pronoun that refers
to the speaker
 Second-person pronoun A pronoun that
refers to the person who is being spoken to
 Third-person pronoun A pronoun that refers
to the person or thing that is being talked
about
 Reflexive pronoun A pronoun that ends in
-self or –selves
 Possessive pronoun A pronoun that shows
that something belongs to someone or
something
 Relative pronoun One of these pronouns:
who, whom, whose, that, and which
 Compound relative pronoun One of these
pronouns: whoever, whomever, whichever, and
whatever
 Interrogative pronoun A pronoun that asks a
question
 Demonstrative pronoun A pronoun that points out
a particular person or thing
 Indefinite pronoun A pronoun that does not refer
to a specific person or thing
 Contraction Two words made into one by replacing
one or more letters with an apostrophe
Lesson 3-1
 To identify a pronoun and its antecedent
 To understand how a pronoun and its
antecedent agree
 A pronoun is a word that takes place of one or
more nouns. Pronouns can replace either
common nouns or proper nouns.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ Armando is a senior. He writes for the school newspaper. One
of his stories appears in every issue.
 The pronoun he takes the place of the proper
noun Armando. The pronoun his takes the place
of the possessive noun Armando’s. The
antecedent is the noun that a pronoun replaces.
 List each bold pronoun. After it, write its
antecedent.
Armando and Joe are both seniors. They are
friends. Mrs. Benson is one of their teachers. She
teaches history. Tanya Johnson is also in the class.
Joe has known her for years. They went to the
same elementary school.
 Why are pronouns useful? Without them, you
would have to repeat the same nouns over
and over again.
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ Nathan said that Nathan was going to call Nathan’s
mother.
▪ Nathan said that he was going to call his mother.
 List each word or phrase. After it, write a
pronoun to replace it.
Armando looked for Armando’s history class. To
Armando, history is fun. Armando hurried to the
second floor. Near the door, an old friend waved
hello. “I’m in this class, too,” the friend said.
Armando and Armando’s friend walked in
together.
 A pronoun must agree with its antecedent.
This means:
 The antecedent and pronoun must be the same in
number. If the antecedent is singular, the pronoun
must be singular. If the antecedent is plural, the
pronoun must be plural.
 Some singular antecedents have a gender
(masculine or feminine). The singular pronoun
must have the same gender as the antecedent.
 EXAMPLE 3
 Robin will wash the floor and wax it. (singular, no
gender)
 Grace and Jake know that they will be late.
(plural)
 Sam goes fishing whenever he can. (singular,
masculine)
 Sandra will help if she is not working. (singular,
feminine)
 Write the pronoun that goes in the blank. It
must agree with the number and gender of its
antecedent.
 Lauren, did ____ put the dog outside?
 Tyrone and I got lost as ____ explored the woods.
 When he finished the book, he put ____ on the
table.
 The deer came near, so Tomás took a picture of
____.
 David and I loved the gifts you bought for ____.
 Write each bold pronoun. Next to each pronoun,
write its antecedent.
 Emily and Angela like school, and they enjoy history
class.
 Emily was glad that she had studied for the test.
 Angela and I studied hard, so we were well prepared.
 Because Mr. Thomas just gave a test, he will start a
new unit next week.
 Emily, Angela, and I are excited to get our tests back.
 Number your paper from 6 to 10. Write the
five pronouns in the paragraph. Write the
antecedent next to each one.
Armando is on the soccer team. He asked Angela
and Nathan to come to his game on Tuesday. They
both came and cheered loudly for Armando. He
scored one goal. After the game, they all went to
Tony’s to celebrate.
Lesson 3-2
 To understand and use first-, second-, and
third-person pronouns
 To understand and use possessive pronouns
 To understand and use reflexive pronouns
 Personal pronouns refer to people or things.
A first-person pronoun refers to the person
speaking. A second-person pronoun refers
to the person being spoken to. A third-
person pronoun refers to the person or thing
being talked about. Personal pronouns can be
singular or plural. A singular pronoun refers to
one person or thing. A plural pronoun refers
to more that one person or thing.
 EXAMPLE 1
 I am ready. (first person, singular)
 You are ready. (second person, singular)
 He is ready. She is ready. It is ready. (third person,
singular)
 We are ready. (first person, plural)
 You are ready. (second person, plural)
 They are ready. (third person, plural)
 Here is a chart showing personal pronouns. Personal
pronouns can be used in different ways in sentences—as
the subject, or as the object of a verb or preposition.
Subject Object
Singular
First Person I me
Second Person you you
Third Person he, she, it him, her, it
Plural
First Person we us
Second Person you you
Third Person they them
 Use the pronoun chart. Write the person
(first, second, or third) of each bold pronoun.
Then decide whether each pronoun is
singular or plural. Write singular or plural.
 Alicia and Juan gave us their seats at the lunch
table.
 They were going back to class early.
 “Are you really hungry?” Alicia asked me.
 I could tell that Alicia wanted my sandwich.
 She was staring at it.
 Decide whether each bold pronoun is a
subject or an object in the sentence. Write
subject or object.
 I offered Alicia part of my sandwich.
 She had a small bite of it.
 She told me that it was delicious.
 We waved goodbye to them.
 They went back to class.
 A possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun
that takes the place of a possessive noun. It
shows ownership. Sometimes, a noun follows
a possessive pronoun.
▪ Singular possessive pronouns: my, your, his, her, its
▪ Plural possessive pronouns: our, your, their
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ This is Jill’s book. This is her book.
▪ The Smiths’ dog is playful. Their dog is playful.
 At other times, possessive pronouns are used
alone.
▪ Singular possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers,
its
▪ Plural possessive pronouns: ours, yours, theirs
 EXAMPLE 3
▪ This book is Jill’s. This book is hers.
▪ The dog is the Smiths’. The dog is theirs.
 Write the possessive pronoun in each
sentence.
 Their guitar came from Spain.
 Mine has a red sticker on it.
 How old is her brother?
 That tree lost all of its leaves.
 I told him that your house is for sale.
 A reflexive pronoun is a personal pronoun
that ends in –self or –selves.
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular
First Person myself
Second Person yourself
Third Person himself, herself, itself
Plural
First Person ourselves
Second Person yourselves
Third Person themselves
 EXAMPLE 4
 Jon prides himself on his manners. (third person,
singular)
 We helped ourselves to more potatoes. (first
person, plural)
 On your paper, write the reflexive pronoun in
each sentence. Identify each as singular or plural.
 Jim scheduled himself to open the swimming pool on
Wednesdays.
 He jokes, “The pool can’t open itself!”
 Angela’s students push themselves to swim better
and faster.
 The students say, “If we challenge ourselves, maybe
we can be as good as Angela!”
 When they say that, Angela feels proud of herself.
 Write the possessive pronoun that completes
each sentence.
 (My, Mine) homework is almost finished.
 Jan said that (her, hers) is broken.
 Is that car (their, theirs)?
 The dog wagged (it, its) tail.
 I like my bike, but I like (your, yours) better.
 Write each sentence. Add the reflexive
pronoun that fits.
 I like to walk home by ____.
 Ari and Babette let ____ in the front door.
 Did you buy ____ a birthday gift?
 Eduardo reminded ____ by writing a note.
 We promised ____ that we would do it, and we
did.
Lesson 3-3
 To understand how relative pronouns are
used
 To identify and use relative pronouns
 The relative pronouns are who, whom, whose,
that, and which. In a sentence, a relative
pronoun follows its antecedent.
 Who and whom refer to a person or people.
Whose shows that something belongs to or with
someone.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ The woman who is speaking is my aunt. (antecedent:
woman)
▪ The man to whom I spoke is my uncle. (antecedent: man)
▪ The boy whose dog is lost gave a reward. (antecedent: boy)
 That and which refer to places or things.
When a phrase starts with which, it usually
needs a comma before and after it.
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ The bread that Ned baked is delicious. (antecedent:
bread)
▪ The book, which has a red cover, is hers.
 Write the relative pronoun in each sentence.
Next to it, write the antecedent.
 The man who owns the music store sells CDs and
cassettes.
 There is the customer whom Emily met last week.
 Emily wants the book that is on the table.
 Emily’s dog, which is a poodle, likes to eat
noodles.
 Her dog prefers Thai noodles, which are very
spicy.
 Write each sentence on your paper. Add the
relative pronoun that fits.
 Ted has a voice ____ carries far.
 The woman ____ came to the door did not live
there.
 The CDs, ____ are old and scratched, belong to
him.
 The girl ____ ticket got lost was very sad.
 The story ____ he told was unbelievable.
 The compound relative pronouns are whoever,
whomever, whichever, and whatever. They are
compound because they combine two words.
Whoever and whomever take the place of the
names of people. Whichever and whatever take
the place of the names of things.
 EXAMPLE 3
▪ “Whomever wants to read this book may borrow it,” said the
teacher.
▪ “Blue shoes or black shoes,” said Emily’s mother. “Choose
whichever you want.”
 Write each compound relative pronoun on
your paper.
 Here are several books. Choose whichever you
want for your book report.
 Do whatever you think should be done.
 Invite whomever you want to the party.
 I have lots of CDs. Take whichever you like best.
 Whoever wants this sandwich can have it.
 Write the relative pronoun in each sentence.
Next to it, write its antecedent.
 Nathan wants the new stamps that the post office just
issued.
 The bandleader is Mr. Jackson, who played the
trumpet in college.
 Emily went to the library, which is next to the post
office.
 Angela, whose book bag is on the table, is late for
school.
 Carol is whom I talked to in the office.
 Write the compound relative pronoun that
completes each sentence.
 (Whoever, Whatever) made that mess should clean it
up.
 Please do (whichever, whatever) you can to help us.
 We will ask (whomever, whichever) we want to the
concert.
 You may have (whichever, whoever) of the desserts
you like.
 (Whatever, Whoever) answer the phone sounded
excited.
Lesson 3-4
 To identify interrogative pronouns
 To understand how interrogative pronouns
are used
 The interrogative pronouns are who, whom,
whose, which, and what. They are used to ask
a question.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ Who is planning the party?
▪ Whom did you call?
▪ Whose is this hat?
▪ Which of these movies do you like?
▪ What is your telephone number?
 You can use an interrogative pronoun to ask a
question directly or indirectly.
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ Direct Who is going to be there?
▪ Indirect Tell me who is going to be there.
▪ Direct Which of these shirts is on sale?
▪ Indirect She asked which of these shirts is on sale.
 Write the interrogative pronoun in each
sentence.
 With whom did you go to dinner?
 I do not know which one to choose!
 Who came to the office?
 Whose dog was lost?
 Tell me what caused the argument.
 The words who, whom, whose, which, and
what are interrogative pronouns only when
they ask a question. Sometimes these words
are used as relative pronouns. Relative
pronouns do not ask questions.
 EXAMPLE 3
▪ Interrogative Who is planning the party?
▪ Relative Greg helped the student who
missed the class.
 An interrogative pronoun is different from a
persona or relative pronoun. It does not have
an antecedent that can be stated. Its
“antecedent” is the answer to the question it
asks.
 Who refers to a person or persons. What refer
to things, places, or ideas.
 EXAMPLE 4
▪ Who is your swimming coach?
▪ What is the name of your town?
 Which can refer to people or things. Use
which when there is a choice between two or
more things. Whose is a possessive pronoun.
Use it to show belonging.
 EXAMPLE 5
▪ Which team will win the game?
▪ Whose car is it?
 Write the pronoun that completes each
sentence.
 (Which, Who) of the students asked for directions?
 (Who, Whose) homework is this?
 (What, Which) is the process for making a cake?
 Next to (who, whom) do you want to sit?
 I cannot remember (who, whom) borrowed my
notes.
 Write the interrogative pronoun in each
sentence?
 What does Angela do after school on Fridays?
 Who said, “I have a dream”?
 Whose was the big blue boat?
 What did Mr. Thomas just say?
 Which of the fruits is your favorite?
 Number your paper from 6 to 10. List the five
pronouns in these sentences. Next to each
pronoun, write whether it is personal, relative,
or interrogative.
 Neeru is a new student who goes to Wilson High
School.
 Which is her hometown—Bombay or Calcutta?
 She lived in Calcutta, which is in India.
Lesson 3-5
 To identify demonstrative pronouns
 To understand how demonstrative pronouns
are used
 A demonstrative pronoun points out a
particular person or thing. The four
demonstrative pronouns are this, these, that,
and those.
 This and that are singular. They refer to one
person or thing. These and those are plural. They
refer to more that one person or thing.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ This is my house. (singular)
▪ That is my high school. (singular)
▪ These are my pencils. (plural)
▪ Those are my cousins. (plural)
 Write the demonstrative pronoun in each
sentence. Next to it, write whether it is
singular or plural.
 Is this the right assignment?
 These are roses from Mrs. Choy’s garden.
 Is that the shirt Armando wore to practice
yesterday?
 This is the auditorium where the Drama Club
performs.
 Are those Emily’s clarinet reeds?
 This and these point out people and things
that are close by.
 That and those point out people and things
that are farther away.
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ This is a pen I have in my hand. (near)
▪ These are new shoes I have on my feet. (near)
▪ That is my friend Angela standing over there. (far)
▪ Those are my books by the door. (far)
 Write the pronoun that completes the
sentence.
 Was (this, that) a shooting star that I saw?
 Is (this, that) your sheet music that I have, Emily?
 (These, Those) are my favorite rings. I wear them
all the time.
 Here are your notebooks. (These, Those) over
there are mine.
 I found a pen. Was Nathan looking for (this, that)?
 Write the demonstrative pronoun in each
sentence.
 Whose paper is this?
 That is a very ugly car.
 These are the football team’s new uniforms.
 Do you know if this is Angela’s jacket?
 Those are my parents standing by the door.
 Find the pronouns in the sentences below.
Next to each pronoun, write whether it is
personal, relative, interrogative, or
demonstrative.
 Which lane will Angela be swimming in?
 Ms. Benson, who teaches math, lives near school.
 This is Nathan’s book.
 Mr. Santos is our advisor.
 Have you seen those pens I bought yesterday?
Lesson 3-6
 To identify indefinite pronouns
 To understand agreement between an
indefinite pronoun and one or more
possessive pronouns that refer to it
 To use indefinite pronouns in sentences
 Indefinite pronouns do not refer to specific
people or things. Because of this, they do not
have clear antecedents. Most indefinite
pronouns are singular. Very few are plural.
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
anybody either neither one
anyone everybody nobody somebody
anything everyone no one someone
each everything nothing something
Plural Indefinite Pronouns
both few many several some
 An indefinite pronoun can be the antecedent
for another pronoun.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ Both brought their books. (plural)
▪ Each of the girls has her book. (singular)
 Write the indefinite pronoun in each
sentence. After write where the pronoun is
singular or plural.
 Many want to come.
 Nobody feels ready.
 Both speak Spanish well.
 Neither like broccoli.
 Either is a fine choice.
 Use plural possessive pronouns with plural indefinite
pronouns. Use singular possessive pronouns with
singular indefinite pronouns. Sometimes you do not
know whether a singular indefinite pronoun names a
male or female. Sometimes the pronoun names a
group of people, but it is still singular. You can use his
or her, as in the first sentence or Example 2. You can
also rewrite the sentence with a plural subject, as in
the second sentence in Example 2.
 EXAMPLE 2
▪ Everyone played his or her own instrument. (singular)
▪ All of the students played their own instruments. (plural)
 Write the pronoun on your paper that
completes the sentence.
 Everyone should turn in (his or her, their) paper.
 Several gave (his or her, their) parents the
newsletter.
 Everyone must take of (his or her, their) shoes.
 Few could identify (his or her, their) bags.
 Someone left (his or her, their) lights on.
 Write the indefinite pronoun in each
sentence. Tell whether each pronoun is
singular or plural.
 There is nothing I like more than a good movie.
 Somebody is at the door.
 Is anyone listening to me?
 Neither knows the answer.
 None is cheap.
 Number your paper from 6 to 10. List each
pronoun in the paragraph. Next to each
pronoun, write whether it is personal, relative,
or indefinite.
After school, everyone likes to go to Tony’s Café.
Emily enjoys seeing her friends who meet there.
They think Tony’s Café has the best food in town.
Everything tastes great!
Lesson 3-7
 To understand how contractions are used
 To use contractions in sentences
 You have previously learned that a possessive
noun, such as student’s, has an apostrophe (’).
You also use an apostrophe in a contraction.
A contraction is two words made into one by
replacing one or more letters with an
apostrophe.
 EXAMPLE 1
▪ I will go. (two words)
▪ I’ll go. (contraction)
 These contractions are made from a pronoun
and a verb.
Common Contractions
I’d = I would/had I’ll = I will I’m = I am
I’ve = I have you’ll = you will you’re = you are
you’ve = you have he’s = he is/has she’s = she is/has
it’s = it is/has let’s = let us who’s = who is
we’ll = we will we’re = we are we’ve = we have
they’re = they are they’ve = they have that’s = that is/has
 Write each contraction in the paragraph as
two words.
I’d like to tell you a story about the invention of
the radio. We’d not have a radio without the
invention of the microphone and the Audion tube.
You’re probably asking, “What’s an Audion tube?”
It’s a tube that makes electrical impulses louder
and sends them through the air.
 Number your paper from 1 to 5. List each
contraction in the paragraph. After each one,
write the two words used to make it.
You’ve probably heard people talk about yoga.
It’s something people have been doing for three
thousand years. If you took a yoga class, you’d
find that yoga is more than exercise. It’s helpful
for the mind and body. The yoga student’s first job
is to learn how to breathe. “I know how to
breathe,” you’ll probably say. But yoga breathing
is very different.
 Number your paper from 6 to 10. List each
contraction in the paragraph. After each one,
write the two words used to make it.
What do you know about Robert Frost? He’s one of
America’s most famous poets. If you’ve read “The
Road Not Taken,” you’ll know why he’s so popular.
President John F. Kennedy asked Frost to read a
poem. It was read on the day when Kennedy became
president. What’s the name of the poem Frost Read?
Its title is “The Gift Outright.” During his lifetime,
Robert Frost won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four
times.