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Lecture 4
D dS
S front
back
left right
top bottom
x Dx
Dx ,back Dx 0
2 x
x Dx
back
x0D
2 x
yz
Dz
top
bottom z
zxy
(a) ψ S DS dS
x z a z dydz a x
1 2
y 2 3
z a 2 xyz 3
a y 3 xy 2 2
z 0 y 0 x 3
1 2
y 2 z 3dydz
0 0
2 1 1
y1
3
3
z 4
0 4 0
23 nC
DP
EP
0
38.158 nC m 2
8.854 1012
4.31 kV m
0 2 xz 3
6 xy 2 z x 3 nC m3 43 (2 103 )3 m3
y 2
z 1
0 2(3)(1) 3
6(3)(2) 2
(1) 3 (2 103 )3 nC
4
2.611015 C
Divergence
We shall now obtain an exact relationship, by allowing the
volume element Δv to shrink to zero.
Dx Dy Dz
D dS
Q
S
x y z v v
Dx Dy Dz
D dS Q
lim lim
S
x y z v0 v v 0 v
x y z v0 v
Divergence
Let us no consider one information that can be obtained from
the last equation:
Dx Dy Dz
D dS
lim
S
x y z v 0 v
This equation is valid not only for electric flux density D, but
also to any vector field A to find the surface integral for a small
closed surface.
Ax Ay Az
A dS
lim
S
x y z v0 v
Divergence
This operation received a descriptive name, divergence. The
divergence of A is defined as:
Divergence
Dx Dy Dz
div D Rectangular
x y z
1 1 D Dz
div D ( D ) Cylindrical
z
1 2 1 1 D
div D 2 (r Dr ) (sin D ) Spherical
r r r sin r sin
Divergence
Example
If D = e–xsiny ax – e–x cosy ay + 2z az, find div D at the origin
and P(1,2,3).
div D lim
S
D dS
v 0 v
Dx D Dy
div D z
x y z
Maxwell’s First Equation
div D v Point Form of Gauss’s Law
Homework 4
D3.6.
D3.7.
D3.8.