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Unit-I
CRYSTAL PHYSICS
1
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
CRYSTALLINE AND NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
SPACE LATTICE
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
LATTICE PARAMETERS
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
BRAVAIS LATTICES
2
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
3
What is Crystal Physics
4
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
SOLID MATERIALS
AMORPHOUS
CRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE
(Non-crystalline)
Single Crystal
5
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
• anisotropic substance.
6
NON CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
• amorphous solids
• `isotropic’ substances.
7
POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
aggregate of many small single crystals
grain boundaries.
SPACE LATTICE
LATTICE POINTS
LATTICE LINES
LATTICE PLANES
BASIS or MOTIF
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
UNIT CELL
LATTICE PARAMETERS
SPACE LATTICE
10
BASIS
a unit assembly of atoms or molecules identical in composition,
arrangement and orientation.
=
+
12
UNIT CELL
• a fundamental building block
13
Lattice parameters
Interaxial angles:
P Primitive
I Body Centred
F Face Centred
C Base- Centred 19
Characteristics of unit cell
• Number of atoms / unit cell
• Coordination number
No. of equidistant nearest neighbouring atoms to a
particular atom
20
Simple Cubic Structure (SC)
No. of atoms/unit
a cell
1
A D
B
C
No. of atoms/unit cell 4
a 4r
Atomic Radius √2a/4
Coordination No. 12
A
APF π /( 3√2 ) or 0.74
a D
23
HEXAGONAL CLOSED PACKED STRUCTURE
24
ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR (APF) of HCP
3a 2
Area of 1 triangle
O 4
A
3 3a 2C
2
C
In the triangle AXC,
c/2 O
a
AC2 = AX2 + CX2
2 2
A a C
300 A’ a2
X 3 2
O’
a c 8
B a 3
26
Diamond Lattice Structure
c 2
1
c c
F
29
Graphite Structure
• Delocalized electrons
30
Physical properties of diamond and Graphite
32
Procedure for finding Miller Indices
33
ILLUSTRATION
35
MILLER INDICES OF SOME IMPORTANT PLANES
36
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MILLER INDICES
37
INTERPLANAR DISTANCE or d-Spacing
Z
Two planes ABC and A’B’C’
C’
A B
A’ B’
X 38
Y
From the property of direction of cosines, Cos2 Cos2 Cos2 1
a
d1 ON
h 2 k 2 l2
2a
d 2 OM
h 2 k 2 l2
Interplanar spacing
a
d d 2 d1
h 2 k 2 l2
39
40
METHODS OF CRYSTAL GROWTH
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
GROWTH FROM MELT
• All materials can be grown in single crystal form from the melt.
51
Advantages: Drawbacks:
• Growth from free surface • delicate start (seeding,
(stress free) necking) and sophisticated
further control
• crystal can be observed during
the growth process • delicate mechanics (the
crystal has to be rotated;
• Large crystals can be obtained rotation of the crucible is
desirable)
Crystals grown:
53
CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
54
Gas delivery system – supply of precursors to the reactor chamber
Energy source – Provide the energy/heat that is required to get the precursors to
react/decompose.
Disadvantages
high temperatures
complex processes
toxic and corrosive gases 56
APPLICATION
Coatings
Optical Fibers
Composites
Catalysts
Nano machines
57
Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD)
58
• Working Concept
- involved four steps:
1. Evaporation
2. Transportation
3. Reaction
4. Deposition
60
Importance of PVD Coatings
Reduced friction
60
DISADVANTAGES
62