 Sources of Water are limited and no substitute

is known
q Water Quantity available
~ 97% as sea water
 ~2% as glaciers
 < 1% is fresh water


q Fresh water Agriculture 80%

 Industrial use 12%
 For human 8%
q
 What is Wastewater?
 = 99+% water + impurities


Impurities include:
q Insoluble Particulates = Suspended Solids (SS)
 Inorganic SS or Fixed SS, e.g., silt
 Organic SS, or Volatile SS, e.g., cell mass
q Soluble Solutes
 Soluble Inorganics, e.g., salts Oxygen Demand
 Soluble Organics, e.g., sugars


Nutrients: N and P
Could be organic/inorganic or particulate/soluble

Could cause eutrophication in receiving water body (page 324)

Organic nutrients plus ammonia (NH +) have oxygen demand

4

Typical Organic Pollutants in Sewerage

40-60% proteins
25-50% carbohydrates
10% fats and oils
Trace miscellaneous organic compounds
(urea, pesticides, surfactants, phenols, ethylene glycol, and
priority pollutants)
Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater
Table 5-2,Page 353

Average conc.
Constituent mg/L
Alkalinity (as CaCO3)a 100
BOD5 200
Chloridea 50
COD 500
Suspended solids (SS) 200
Settleable solids, mL/L 10
Total dissolved solids (TDS) 500
Total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN) 40
Total organic carbon (TOC) 150
Total phosphorus 10
aTobe added to amount in domestic water supply. Chloride is
exclusive of contribution from water softener backwash.
Minimum national standards for secondary treatment

Characteristic Unit of Allowable

of discharge measurement concentration

BOD5 mg/L 30
COD mg/L 100
Fecal coliform MPN 1000
 Solid Matrix
particulate soluble
TS = TSS + TDS
║ ║ ║

organic VS = VSS
particulate organic + soluble
VDSorganic

550oC + + +
in Temp.
inorganic TFS = FSS
particulate inorganic +solubleFDS
inorganic

sand, silt salts

T : Total 1μm in size

S : Solids or Suspended
D : Dissolved
V : Volatile
F : Fixed
Example: A water sample contains: T : Total
Sugar: 100 mg/L S : Solids or Suspended
Fine sand: 60 mg/L D : Dissolved
Bacteria: 25mg/L V : Volatile
Salts e.g., NaCl, KHCO3: 125 mg/L F : Fixed
What is the TDS and TS/VS of this sample?

TS = TSS + TDS
310 85 225
║ ║ ║

VS = VSS + VDS
125 25 100
+ + +
TFS = FSS + FDS
185 60 125
 Raw Sewage

Bar Rack

Pretreatment Grit Chamber

Primary Equalization
Treatment Basin

Pump
Secondary
Primary Settling Treatment Tertiary
Treatment
Biological
Treatment

Secondary
Settling

Advanced Waste Treatment

e.g., Nutrient removal

Receiving Body
 Four levels of wastewater treatment


1. Preliminary treatment - screening, grit removal



2. Primary treatment - settling of solids in primary clarifiers



3. Secondary treatment - biological treatment



 4.Tertiary treatment - nutrient (N, P) removal, filtration


 1. Preliminary Treatment:


 Screening (Bar Racks) – Remove debris such as rocks,

branches, pieces of lumber, leaves, paper, tree roots,
plastics and rags.


 Grit Chamber – Remove grits such as sands, gravel,

heavy solids materials, anything with specific gravity
(s.g.) greater than organic solids (s.g. ~ 1.03-1.05)
 2. Primary Treatment:
 Primary Clarifier (Primary Sedimentation) – Remove
settleable suspended solids (mainly VSS)


Typical removal efficiency: (p 374)

 TSS : 50 – 60%
 BOD5: 30 – 35%


 Design Criteria:



Overflow rate Weir Loading
 gal/ft2/day gal/ft/day


 at Average Flow 800 – 1,200 10,000 - 40,000

 at Peak Flow 2,000 - 3,000
 Detention time 1.5 – 2.5 hours
 Side Water Depth ~ 15 ft
Theory of sedimentation tank sizing

Inflow Q Outflow Q
B
vc
H A: Inlet Zone
A C B: Settling Zone
C: Outlet Zone
D D: Sludge Zone
L

Vc = critical settling velocity, all particles w/ settling velocity

greater than Vc will be removed
td = hydraulic detention time = V / Q
td = (A x H) / Q ----- (1) A= surface area = Width x L

vc = H / td ----- (2)

(1) + (2)  vc = Q / A = H / td
Three types of sedimentation
1.Type I Sedimentation: Discrete Particle Settling
Goal: remove all particle w/ a settling velocity greater than a
specified velocity
In regards to design:
•Tank design is independent of depth
•Tank design depends only on surface overflow (Q/A)
•Sedimentation efficiency is independent of detention time

2.Type II Sedimentation: Flocculent Sedimentation

Goal: remove small particles which flocculate during sedimentation
In regard to design:
•Tank design depends on time and depth
•Particle size and average settling velocity are constantly increasing
•No theoretical way to predict the amount of flocculation
•No theoretical way to find variation in the settling velocity distribution
•Use lab analysis to determine these parameters
 3. Secondary (Biological) Treatment
•


Activated Sludge System

 Secondary Treatment
Activated Sludge System – Page 382 – 402 & Lab Design problem
Tricking Filter System – Page 375 - 381


 2ndary Clarifier Design Criteria:



 Overflow rate Solids Loading

 gal/ft2/day lb/ft2hr
 For Activated Sludge System

at Average Flow 400 – 800 0.8 – 1.2

at Peak Flow 1,000-1,200 2.0


 For Tricking Filter System


at Average Flow 400 – 600 0.6 – 1.0

at Peak Flow 1,000-1,200 1.6



Side Water Depth 12 – 20 ft
 3. Secondary (Biological) Treatment

1.Classification of microorganisms by their carbon and

energy source:

A.Heterotrophs- utilize organic matter to supply their carbon

and energy needs. These are the predominant organisms in
biological wastewater treatment plants, responsible for
converting organic pollutants to carbon dioxide, water, and
additional heterotrophic biomass.

B. Autotrophs - get their energy from an inorganic source

and their carbon from carbon dioxide. An example of
autotrophs in wastewater treatment is nitrifying bacteria.
They use ammonia for energy and carbon dioxide for a
carbon source.
2.Classification of microorganisms by their Terminal
Electron Acceptor (TEA)
A.Aerobic microorganisms transfer electrons from the energy source to
oxygen, O2. In the process oxygen and organic matter is converted to
carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H2O. Oxygen is termed the terminal
electron acceptor or TEA.
B.Anoxicmicroorganisms utilize some other oxidized compound to
accept electrons. In the case of denitrifying microorganisms, nitrate,
NO3-, serves as the TEA, as nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas, N2.

C. Anaerobic microorganisms utilize CO2 and organic compoundsas

terminal electron acceptors. In this process, organic compounds are
converted to fermentation products and carbon dioxide. In anaerobic
digestion of wastewater solids, the fermentation products are
converted to methane, CH4, and carbon dioxide.
 Process TEA Predominant Reactions Example

Aerobic O2 organics + O2  CO2 + H2O AS, &

1st stage TF
Aerobic O2 NH4+ + O2  NO3- Nitrification, &
2nd stage TF
Anoxic NO3- organics + NO3-  N2 + CO2 + H2O Denitrification

Anaerobic CO2 organics  CH4 + CO2 + H2O Anaerobic

organics Digestion

AS : Activated Sludge System

TF: Trickling Filter System
3.Classification of microorganisms by their growth
temperature

A. Psychrophiles - grow at temperatures below 25°C

B. Mesophiles - grow at temperatures 25 - 45°C

C. Thermophiles - grow at temperatures 45 - 60°C

# of species
B
C
A

15 25 35 45 55 65
Temperature, OC
Ten Growth Requirements for Microorganisms
1.Carbon source
2.

3.Energy source
4.

5.Terminal Electron acceptor

6.

7.Macro-Nutrients: C, N, H, O, P, K, S
8.

9.Micro-Nutrients: Fe, Ni, Co, Mb, Zn, etc.

10.

11.Moisture
12.

13.Appropriate temperature
14.

22.Appropriate pH
8.Absence of inhibition
9.

10.Mixing/contact
  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)


 BOD and oxygen-equivalent relationships

dLt
Equivalent Organic Removal

Lo
= −rA = − kLt
Oxygen Consumption &

1st order
BOD Exerted dt
Lo-Lt
dL
BODt ⇒ = −k dt
Lt
Lt L Remaining
L 1 t
∫ dL = ∫ − k dt
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time, days
Lo Lt 0
Lo = ultimate BOD
Lt = oxygen equivalent of remaining organic Lt
ln = −k ⋅ t
BODt = Lo – Lt = Lo –Lo e-kdt Lo

Lt = Lo e − kt
= Lo ( 1 – e–kt )
 Temperature correction of kinetic constant k


 kT = k20 (θ)T-20 page 293-4, Table 4-2




T = oC

where θ = 1.135 4 ≤ T < 20oC

θ = 1.056 20 ≤ T ≤ 30oC


 Example 3.

A waste is being discharged into a river has a temperature of 10oC. What fraction
of the maximum oxygen consumption could be occurred in 4 days if standard
k is 0.115 d-1 ?

BOD test is conducted at standard temperature of 20oC
 kT = k20 (θ)T-20 k10 = 0.115 (1.135)10-20 = 0.032 d-1
 BOD4 / Lo = (1 – e-(0.032)(4) ) = 0.21

 Major pollutant categories and principal sources of pollutants
Evaluate the potential for water pollution from the following categories:


H = high potential, M = moderate potential, L = low potential for pollution



Point sources Non-point sources

Pollutant Domestic Industrial Agricultural Urban
Category sewage wastes runoff runoff
Oxygen-demanding material M H H L
Nutrients M H H+ M
Pathogens H L-M M L
Suspended solids/sediments M H H H
Salts L H L H
Toxic metals L H L M
Toxic organic chemicals L H L M
Heat L H L L

Point source: collected by a network of pipes and conveyed to a single point

of discharge into receiving water
Non-point source: polluted water flows over the surface of the land or along natural
drainage channels to receiving water
 DO Sag Curve Page 307-311
 Initial
Deficit (Da)
Saturation DO (DOs)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)

10

8 Deficit (D)
6 Critical
Point
4
DO Concentration (DO)
2
tc
2 4 6 8 10
Travel Time (d)

k d La
Dt = (e − k d t − e − k r t ) + D a (e − k r t ) Eq. 4-40
kr − kd
Where D = oxygen deficit in river water after exertion of BOD for time, t, mg/L
La = initial ultimate BOD after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L
kd = deoxygenation rate constant, d-1
kr = reaeration rate constant, d-1
t = time of travel of wastewater discharge downstream, d
Da = initial deficit after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L
Deoxygenation Rate Constant, kd

v
kd = k + η Eq. 4-42
H
Where v = average speed of stream flow, m/s
k = BOD rate constant determined in lab at 20oC, d-1
H = average depth of stream, m
η = bed-activity coefficient

Reaeration Rate Constant, kr

3.9 ⋅ v 0 .5
kr = 1.5
Eq. 4-43
H