SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

I. THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

a) DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
b) IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
c) CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
d) RESEARCH PROCESS
e) ETHICS IN RESEARCH

II. QUALITATIVE VERSUS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

a) CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHES
b) METHODS USED IN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
III. A CLOSER LOOK ON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
a) CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
b) STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
c) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

IV. IMPORTANCE OF AND STEPS IN DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

IV. FORMULATING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM
I. NATURE AND IMPORTANCE
OF
RESEARCH
WHAT COMES FIRST TO YOUR MIND WHEN
YOU ENCOUNTER THE WORD “RESEARCH”?
• EXPERIMENT?
• INVESTIGATION?
• INQUIRY?
• PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT?
• A JOB FOR SCIENTIST?
• REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDENTS ?
A) DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

✓SEARCHING FOR KNOWLEDGE

✓ACCDG. MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY“ CAREFUL STUDY THAT IS DONE TO
✓(MERTENS, 2015)… STATED THAT “RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC INQUIRY THAT IS
FIND AND REPORT NEW KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOMETHING.”

DESIGNED TO COLLECT, ANALYZE, AND INTERPRET DATA TO UNDERSTAND, DESCRIBE, OR

✓(NAVARRO AND SANTOS, 2011)… “THE FORMAL AND DISCIPLINED APPLICATION OF

PREDICT PHENOMENON.”

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY TO THE STUDY OF THE PROBLEMS.”

B) IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

1. GATHER RELEVANT INFORMATION

2. IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE
3. UNDERSTAND HISTORY
4. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1. GATHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
✓THE RESULT OF RESEARCH(ES) ARE USED AS A SPRINGBOARD IN CONDUCTING
MORE RESEARCHES OR IN PLANNING NEW PROJECTS.

2. IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE

✓RESEARCH UNDERTAKINGS BASICALLY GEARED TOWARD IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF
LIFE. THE MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS IN THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATION,
TRANSPORTATION, MEDICINE, ENTERTAINMENT, AND FOOD AND NUTRITION ARE ALL
POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF RESEARCHES CONDUCTED.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
3. UNDERSTAND HISTORY
✓UNDERSTANDING OUR HISTORY CAN HELP US BETTER UNDERSTAND OUR CURRENT SOCIETY AND THE BEHAVIOR OF
PEOPLE. IT ALSO PROVIDES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE PAST PERVADING PROBLEMS OF OUR SOCIETY.

4. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

✓RESEARCH CHALLENGES US TO BECOME BETTER INDIVIDUALS THROUGH NEW IDEAS, PERSPECTIVES, AND SKILLS THAT
WE CAN GET WHEN DOING RESEARCH. PERSONALLY, YOU WILL GAIN MORE KNOWLEDGE AND THUS WIDEN YOUR
PERSPECTIVE ABOUT LIFE IN GENERAL. PROFESSIONALLY, YOU WILL NOT ONLY MEET YOUR ACADEMIC/SCHOOL
REQUIREMENT BUT YOU WILL ALSO ADVANCE TO A MORE CHALLENGING AND EXCITING WORLD OF LEARNING.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
C) CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

1. RESEARCH IS EMPIRICAL
2. RESEARCH IS ANALYTICAL
3. RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC
4. RESEARCH IS CYCLICAL
5. RESEARCH IS ORIGINAL
1. RESEARCH IS EMPIRICAL
✓IT USES FACTS AND DATA THAT ARE OBTAINED THROUGH A THOROUGH INVESTIGATION..
2. RESEARCH IS ANALYTICAL
✓RESEARCHER CAREFULLY ANALYZES AND INTERPRETS THE GATHERED DATA BEFORE ARRIVING AT A
CONCLUSION.

3.RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC
✓IT FOLLOWS A CERTAIN METHOD OR PROCEDURE IN ORDER TO OBTAIN OBJECTIVE RESULTS

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

4. RESEARCH IS CYCLICAL
✓IT BEGINS WITH A PROBLEM AND ENDS WITH THE RESOLUTION OR TENTATIVE ANSWERS TO THE
PROBLEM TO COMPLETE THE CYCLE.
✓IT MEANS THAT EVERY STEP IN RESEARCH PROCESS IS VITAL TO THE SUCCESS OF THE RESEARCH.
5. RESEARCH IS ORIGINAL
✓IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY RESEARCH OUTPUT IS A PRODUCT OF NOVEL IDEAS AND SHOWS
ORIGINALITY.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH

D) RESEARCH PROCESS
1. DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
2. WRITE YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT
3. MAKE AN OUTLINE
4. DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
5. EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
6. WRITE AND REVISE YOUR PAPER
7. DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
1. DEFINE YOUR TOPIC
✓THE VERY FIRST STEP IN CONDUCTING A RESEARCH IS CHOOSING AND
DEFINING YOUR TOPIC.
✓REMEMBER THAT YOUR CHOSEN TOPIC WILL DIRECTLY AFFECT THE
RESEARCH PROCESS, SO IF YOU WANT TO LESSEN YOUR TIME IN GATHERING
INFORMATION, YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE YOUR TOPIC WISELY.

RESEARCH PROCESS
2.WRITE YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT
✓YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT IS THE STATEMENT THAT DESCRIBES WHAT IS TO
BE TESTED DURING THE ENTIRE RESEARCH PROCESS OR THE GENERAL
PROBLEM OR QUESTION THAT THE RESEARCH AIMS TO ANSWER.

RESEARCH PROCESS
4. DEVELOP A RESEARCH STRATEGY
✓DEVELOPING STRATEGY IN CONDUCTING YOUR RESEARCH MINIMIZES THE
TIME AND EFFORT YOU WILL BE PUTTING ON YOUR PAPER. THIS WILL SERVE AS
YOUR GUIDE IN SETTING YOUR OBJECTIVES AND PRIORITIES.

RESEARCH PROCESS
5. EVALUATE YOUR SOURCES
✓YOU MUST CHECK THE QUALITY AND CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCES YOU WILL
USE IN THE STUDY.
✓YOU MAY DO THIS BY CONSIDERING THE AUTHORITY (AUTHOR AND
PUBLISHER), CURRENCY (DATE OF PUBLICATION), AND PURPOSE (INTENTION
OF THE AUTHOR) OF THE MATERIAL.

RESEARCH PROCESS
6. WRITE AND REVISE YOUR PAPER
✓CHECK THE CONTENTS OF YOUR PAPER. MAKE SURE THAT THE CONTENTS
ARE IN LINE WITH YOUR CHOSEN TOPIC AND PROBLEM STATEMENT.

RESEARCH PROCESS
3. MAKE AN OUTLINE
✓THE OUTLINE SERVES AS THE FIRST DRAFT OF YOUR PAPER. START BY
WRITING DOWN ALL THE RELEVANT INFORMATION YOU HAVE GATHERED IN LINE
WITH YOUR RESEARCH TOPIC. THEN LOGICALLY ORGANIZE YOUR OUTLINE.

RESEARCH PROCESS
7. DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
✓DOCUMENTATION OF SOURCES IS IMPORTANT IN ANY RESEARCH FOR IT
SHOWS THE CREDIBILITY OF THE WRITER. THIS SHOWS WHETHER THE IDEAS
OR INFORMATION ARE TAKEN FROM ANOTHER SOURCE OR FROM THE AUTHOR
HIMSELF OR HERSELF.

RESEARCH PROCESS
 CHOOSE AND DEFINE A TOPIC

CITE DOCUMENTS OR SOURCES

PROPERLY TO BE ABLE TO WRITE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
ESTABLISH THE CREDIBILITY OF OR GENERAL PROBLEM
THE RESEARCH.

DETAILED RESEARCH
PROCESS
WRITE DOWN ALL THE GATHERED
WRITE, REVIZE, AND CHECK THE RELEVANT INFORMATION IN LINE
CONTENTS OF THE PAPER. WITH THE TOPIC AND LOGICALLY
ORGANIZE THE OUTLINE

EVALUATE AND CHECK THE DEVELOP RESEARCH STARTEGY TO

CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCES SAVE TIME AND EFFORT IN
EMPLOYED IN THE RESEARCH. CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
✓IN SIMPLE WORDS, ARE NORMS FOR CONDUCT THAT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
ACCEPTABLE AND UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR.
✓RESEARCH ETHICS ESTABLISHES THE MORAL INTEGRITY OF THE
RESEARCHERS WHICH IS A CRUCIAL AS IT ENSURES THAT THE RESEARCH
FINDINGS ARE VALID AND TRUSTWORTHY.
E) ETHICS IN RESEARCH
(ADAPTED FORM SHAMOO, A. AND D.RESNIK. RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH , 2ND
ED. NEW YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2009).

● HONESTY ● CONFIDENTIALITY
● OBJECTIVITY ● SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
● INTEGRITY ● COMPETENCE
● CAREFULNESS ● LEGALITY
● OPENNESS ● ANIMAL CARE
● RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL
● HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION
PROPERTY
1. HONESTY
✓STRIVE FOR HONESTY IN ALL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS. HONESTLY REPORT DATA, RESULTS,
METHODS AND PROCEDURES, AND PUBLICATION STATUS. DO NOT FABRICATE, FALSIFY, OR
MISREPRESENT DATA.

2. OBJECTIVITY
✓ STRIVE TO AVOID BIAS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, DATA ANALYSIS, DATA INTERPRETATION, PEER
REVIEW, PERSONNEL DECISIONS, GRANT WRITING, EXPERT TESTIMONY, AND OTHER ASPECTS
OF RESEARCH WHERE OBJECTIVITY IS EXPECTED OR REQUIRED. AVOID MINIMIZE BIAS OR
SELF-DECEPTION.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
3. INTEGRITY
✓KEEP YOUR PROMISES AND AGREEMENTS; ACT WITH SINCERITY; STRIVE FOR
CONSISTENCY OF THOUGHT AND ACTION.

4. CAREFULNESS
✓ AVOID CARELESS ERRORS AND NEGLIGENCE. KEEP GOOD RECORDS OF RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES SUCH AS DATA COLLECTION, RESEARCH DESIGN, AND CORRESPONDENCE
WITH AGENCIES.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
5. OPENNESS
✓ SHARE DATA, RESULTS, IDEAS, TOOLS, RESOURCES. BE OPEN TO CRITICISM AND NEW IDEAS.

6. RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

✓ HONOR PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, AND OTHER FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. DO NOT USE
UNPUBLISHED DATA, METHODS, OR RESULTS WITHOUT PERMISSION. GIVE CREDIT WHERE
CREDIT IS DUE. GIVE PROPER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OR CREDIT FOR ALL CONTRIBUTIONS TO
RESEARCH. NEVER PLAGIARIZE.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
7. CONFIDENTIALITY
✓ PROTECT CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS AND PERSONAL INFORMATION OF YOUR RESPONDENTS, IF ANY.

8. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
✓ STRIVE TO PROMOTE SOCIAL GOOD AND PREVENT OR MITIGATE SOCIAL HARMS THROUGH RESEARCH, PUBLIC
EDUCATION, AND ADVOCACY.

9. COMPETENCE
✓ MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE YOUR OWN PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE AND EXPERTISE THROUGH LIFELONG EDUCATION
AND LEARNING.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
10.LEGALITY
✓ KNOW AND OBEY RELEVANT LAWS AND INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL
POLICIES.

11.ANIMAL CARE
✓ SHOW RESPECT AND CARE FOR ANIMALS WHEN USING THEM IN RESEARCH. DO
NOT CONDUCT UNNECESSARY OR POORLY DESIGNED ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
12.HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION
✓ WHEN CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON HUMAN SUBJECTS, MINIMIZE HARMS AND
RISKS AND MAXIMIZE BENEFITS; RESPECT HUMAN DIGNITY, PRIVACY, AND
AUTONOMY; TAKE SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS;
STRIVE TO DISTRIBUTE THE BENEFITS AND BURDENS OF RESEARCH FAIRLY.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 II. QUALITATIVE VERSUS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
INSIDE THE CLASSROOM, THE TEACHER MADE A REMARK,
“YOU GOT 75% PASSING MARK!”

THE TEACHER ALSO COMMENTED THAT…

“YOUR CLASSMATE SEEMS UNINTERESTED TO STUDY THE
LESSONS.”
 QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS

• ARE USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY A NUMERICAL MEASURE.

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES

• FROM THE WORD “QUANTITY”

• COLLECT DATA IN THE FORM OF NUMBERS
• E.G. HEIGHT, WEIGHT, AGE; DAILY, MONTHLY, OR ANNUAL INCOME OF EMPLOYEE; GRADES
QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS
• DESCRIBE A CERTAIN PHENOMENON OR EVENT AND CAN BE OBSERVED THROUGH THE SENSES.
QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES
• FROM THE WORD “QUALITY”
• COLLECT DATA IN THE FORM OF WORDS OR STATEMENTS

QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE

 Qualitative Quantitative
Subjective Objective
Research questions answer what and why Research questions answer how many or strength of
relationship , or difference
Literature review may be done as the study progresses Literature review is usually done before the study
Develops theory Tests theory
Interpretive Measurable
Report rich narrative, individual interpretation Report statistical analysis
Basic element of analysis is words/ideas Basic element of analysis is numbers.
Researcher is part of the process. Researcher is separate.
Participants Subjects
Participants Subjects
Context dependent Context free
Reasoning is dialectic and inductive Reasoning is logistic and inductive
Describes meaning, discovery Establishes relationships and causation

QUALITATIVE VS.
Source: Anderson, John D. “Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” 2006

QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
✓IS MORE SUBJECTIVE THAN A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH.
✓USUALLY INVOLVES GATHERING, ANALYZING, AND INTERPRETING DATA BASED
ON OBSERVATIONS MADE ABOUT BY THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY.
✓DATA CAN BE IN THE FORM OF IDEAS, ACTIONS, SYMBOLS, METAPHORS
DERIVED USUALLY FROM IN-DEPTH OBSERVATIONS AND INTERVIEWS.
✓AIMS TO INTERPRET MEANINGS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND SYMBOLS.
✓RESEARCHERS ASK THE PARTICIPANTS TO RESPOND TO SOME QUESTIONS AND
FURTHER PROBE THE ANSWERS BY GIVING FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONS TO GET A
THOROUGH RESPONSE TO A CERTAIN QUESTION.
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TOPICS

✓STUDENTS’ IMAGES OF CHEMISTRY

✓GENDER AND CULTURAL GAPS IN THE CLASSROOM
✓SCIENCE PRACTICE OF THE MANGYAN TRIBE
EXAMPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TOPICS

✓STUDENTS’ IMAGES OF CHEMISTRY

✓GENDER AND CULTURAL GAPS IN THE CLASSROOM
✓SCIENCE PRACTICE OF THE MANGYAN TRIBE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
✓RESEARCH QUESTIONS ARE USUALLY GEARED TOWARD MEASURING
HYPOTHESIS USING STATISTICAL TOOLS.
✓QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS MORE OBJECTIVE THAN A QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH.
✓METHODS ALSO PREDETERMINED AND STRUCTURED .
✓GOOD STATISTICAL TREATMENTS ARE IMPORTANT IN DECIDING POSSIBLE
OUTCOMES OR CONCLUSIONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE RESEARCH.
✓QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH FOLLOWS A CERTAIN SAMPLE SIZE IN THE USE OF
THE SUBJECTS OR RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY.
EXAMPLES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
TOPICS

✓PREDICTORS OF SCIENCE PERFORMANCE

✓GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER.
✓POPULATION RATE IN METRO MANILA IN THE NEXT 20 YEARS
 III. CLOSER LOOK ON
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
✓ACCORDING TO FRAENKEL AND WALLEN (2010), QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IS
STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATE THE QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP, ACTIVITIES,
SITUATIONS OR MATERIALS.
✓THE SETTING OF THE RESEARCH IS A DIRECT SOURCE OF INFORMATION IN
WHICH THE RESEARCHER HAS A BIG ROLE IN THE ENTIRE RESEARCH PROCESS.
✓SUBJECTIVE, IN A WAY IT IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON THE PARTICIPANTS’ POINT
OF VIEW.
✓DOES NOT RELY ON NUMBERS BUT RATHER ON IDEAS AND MEANINGS THAT
WILL BE INTERPRETED IN ORDER TO FORM GENERALIZATIONS AND POSSIBLE
CONSTRUCTS AND THEORY.
A) CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. THE RESEARCHER HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN RESEARCH
2. QUALITATIVE DATA ARE GATHERED AND PRESENTED IN A FORM OF WORDS,
DESCRIPTIONS, PICTURES, OR MEANINGS, AND NOT IN NUMBERS.
3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER IS CONCERNED WITH THE PROCESS INVOLVED.
4. INDUCTIVE REASONING IS USED IN ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA.
5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER IS CONCERNED WITH MEANINGS AND
INTERPRETATIONS.
B) STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
✓ISSUES CAN BE EXAMINED IN DETAIL AND IN-DEPTH
✓INTERVIEWS ARE NOT RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS AND CAN BE
GUIDED/REDIRECTED BY THE RESEARCHER IN REAL TIME.
✓THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND DIRECTION CAN BE QUICKLY REVISED AS
NEW INFORMATION EMERGES.
✓THE DATA BASED ON HUMAN EXPERIENCE THAT IS OBTAINED IS POWERFUL AND
SOMETIMES MORE COMPELLING THAN QUANTITATIVE DATA.

STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE
✓SUBTLETIES AND COMPLEXITIES ABOUT THE RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND/OR
TOPIC ARE DISCOVERED THAT ARE OFTEN MISSED BY MORE POSITIVISTIC
ENQUIRIES.
✓DATA USUALLY ARE COLLECTED FROM A FEW CASES OR INDIVIDUALS SO
FINDINGS CANNOT BE GENERALIZED TO A LARGER POPULATION. FINDINGS CAN
HOWEVER BE TRANSFERABLE TO ANOTHER SETTING.

STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE
✓RESEARCH QUALITY IS HEAVILY DEPENDENT ON THE INDIVIDUAL SKILLS OF THE
RESEARCHER AND MORE EASILY INFLUENCED BY THE RESEARCHER’S PERSONAL
BIASES AND IDIOSYNCRASIES.
✓RIGOR IS MORE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN, ASSESS, AND DEMONSTRATE.
✓THE VOLUME OF THE DATA MAKES ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION TIME
CONSUMING.
✓IT IS SOMETIMES NOT AS WELL UNDERSTOOD AND ACCEPTED AS QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.

LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

✓THE RESEARCHER’S PRESENCE DURING DATA GATHERING, WHICH IS OFTEN
UNAVOIDABLE IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH, CAN AFFECT THE SUBJECT’S
RESPONSES.
✓ISSUES OF ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY CAN PRESENT PROBLEMS WHEN
PRESENTING FINDINGS.
✓FINDINGS CAN BE MORE DIFFICULT AND TIME CONSUMING TO CHARACTERIZE
IN A VISUAL WAY.

LIMITATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

C) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES
1. ETHNOGRAPHY
2. PHENOMENOLOGY
3. NARRATIVE RESEARCH
4. GROUNDED THEORY
5. CASE STUDY
1. ETHNOGRAPHY
✓BASICALLY DERIVED FROM ANTHROPOLOGY.
✓INITIALLY CONCERNED WITH GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS AND ETHNICITY
✓THE MOST COMMON ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH IS PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION , IN WHICH THE RESEARCHER BECOMES IMMERSED IN THE
CULTURE UNDER STUDY AS AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT, TAKING EXTENSIVE NOTES
ABOUT OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

2. PHENOMENOLOGY
✓EXPLORES THE WORLD OF THE PARTICIPANTS BY GAINING THOUGHT,
INSIGHTS, AND PERCEPTIONS TO A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON.
✓RESEARCHERS TRY TO INVESTIGATE AN INDIVIDUAL’S THOUGHTS AND
PERCEPTIONS AND FIND THE COMMON GROUND TO EVERY EXPERIENCE.
✓THE PARTICIPANTS RELIVE THEIR EXPERIENCES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE VERY
ESSENCE OF THESE THOUGHTS AND PERCEPTION.
✓SOME OF THE POSSIBLE TOPICS; EXPERIENCE OF THE ATHLETE WHO PLAYED IN
THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EVENTS, TEACHERS WHO ARE TEACHING IN
REMOTE AREAS, ETC.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

3. NARRATIVE RESEARCH
✓NARRATES THE LIFE EXPERIENCES OF AN INDIVIDUAL TOLD TO THE RESEARCHER
OR FROM AVAILABLE DOCUMENT OR MATERIAL.
✓HIGHLIGHTS SPECIAL EVENTS IN THE INDIVIDUAL’S LIFE.
✓CAN BE EITHER A BIOGRAPHY OR AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
✓THE FORMER, RESEARCHERS NARRATE THE EXPERIENCES OF OTHER PERSON,
WHILE THE LATTER, THE WRITTEN ACCOUNT OF THE INDIVIDUAL WHO IS THE
SUBJECT OF THE STUDY.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

4. GROUNDED THEORY
✓AIMS TO GENERATE A THEORY FROM THE DATA WHICH ARE ANALYZED AND
INTERPRETED INDUCTIVELY.
✓GENERATED THEORY DOES NOT START FROM THE BEGINNING BUT ONLY
SURFACED AFTER ALL DATA HAVE BEEN ANALYZED INDUCTIVELY.
✓THIS IS THE RESULT OF THOROUGH INTERVIEWS AND OBSERVATIONS.
✓TOPICS CAN BE; SYSTEMS OF DISCIPLINES OF SKILLED WORKERS AND HOW
COACHES MAINTAIN DISCIPLINE AMONG HIS TEAM PLAYERS

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

5. CASE STUDY
✓PRESENTS A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF A SPECIFIC CASE.
✓USUALLY, A CASE IS AN INDIVIDUAL, OR ONE GROUP OF PEOPLE OR ONE SCHOOL.
✓RESEARCHER FOCUS ONLY ON ONE PARTICULAR CASE.
✓EXAMPLE: CASE STUDY STUDENTS WHO EXCELS BOTH IN MATH AND SCIENCE,
OR, ON STUDENT WHO IS POOR IN READING AND YET A BLACK BELTER IN
TAEKWONDO.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH APPROACHES

IV. IMPORTANCE OF AND STEPS IN
DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED.
2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY.
3. GENERATION OF HYPOTHESIS.
4. DATA COLLECTION.
5. DATA ANALYSIS
6. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED.
✓FIRST TASK OF A RESEARCH WHO WILL QUALITATIVE METHODS IS TO IDENTIFY
THE PHENOMENON TO BE STUDIED.
✓ACCDG. TO MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY PHENOMENON MEANS
“SOMETHING (SUCH AS INTERESTING FACT OR EVENT) THAT CAN BE OBSERVED
AND STUDIED AND THAT TYPICALLY IS UNUSUAL OR DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND
OR EXPLAIN FULLY.”
✓EXAMPLE: TARDINESS AND BULLYING AMONG STUDENTS ARE EXAMPLES OF
PHENOMENA

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY.
✓THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY ARE TO BE OBSERVED OR INTERVIEWED BY
THE RESEARCHER. THE SAMPLE IS USUALLY SELECTED PURPOSIVELY.

3. GENERATION OF HYPOTHESIS.
✓IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH, HYPOTHESIS IS NOT USUALLY FORMULATED AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE STUDY.
✓HYPOTHESIS EMERGES FROM THE DATA COLLECTED. THIS CAN BE DISCARDED,
MODIFIED, OR REFINED AS THE STUDY PROGRESSES

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

4. DATA COLLECTION.
✓MANIPULATION OF DATA IS NOT OBSERVED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.
RESEARCHER STUDIES THE PARTICIPANTS IN THEIR SETTING AS THEY ARE.
✓THE COLLECTION OF DATA IS CONTINUOUS PROCESS UNTIL THE DATA IS
SUFFICIENT, AND RELEVANT INFORMATION IS OBTAINED.

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

5.DATA ANALYSIS.
✓INDUCTIVE REASONING IS USED IN THE COLLECTED DATA.
✓WHILE SOME ANALYSIS INVOLVES NUMBERS, ONLY SIMPLE
STATISTICS SUCH AS MEAN OR PERCENTAGE CAN BE USED IN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.
✓DATA ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE INVOLVES MORE OF
DESCRIPTIONS.

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

6. INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.
✓THIS IS THE LAST STEP IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.
✓INTERPRETATION IS CRUCIAL IN THIS PROCESS AND THIS IS DONE
CONTINUOUSLY ALL THROUGHOUT THE STUDY.

STEPS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

 V. FORMULATING A
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PROBLEM