PRINCIPLES OF

ECOSYSTEMS

A REPORT BY:
LAGRAMA
LIM
RIVERA
 KNOW YOUR FACTS!

•Ecology is the branch of science that deals with the

relationship and interactions between organisms and their environment,
including other organisms.

•Biodiversity is the variety of all life

forms on earth - the different plants, animals and micro-organisms and the
ecosystems of which they are a part.
 Ecosy
stem
- A community of living organisms in conjunction with
the nonliving components of their environment
interacting as a system.

- Can be of any size but usually encompass specific,

limited spaces.
 TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM

•Natural
Ecosystems: are
ecosystems found in nature. May be
terrestrial ( meaning desert, forest , or
meadow) or aquatic, ( pond ,river, or lake)

•Artificial
Ecosystems: are
 two main components that exist in an
ecosystem
• The abiotic components of any ecosystem are the properties
of the environment. These consist of the nonorganic aspects of the
environment that determine what life forms can thrive. Examples of
abiotic components are temperature, average humidity, topography
and natural disturbances.

• The biotic components of an ecosystem are the life forms that

inhabit it. They aid in the transfer and cycle of energy. They are
grouped in terms of the means they use to get energy. Producers
produce their own energy without consuming other life forms.
Consumers have three types: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
 Ecosystems are controlled by 2
factors
•External factors such as climate, the parent
material that forms the soil, and topography, control the overall structure of
an ecosystem and the way things work within it. Other external factors
include time and potential biota.

•Internal factors not only control ecosystem

processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback
loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external
processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these
resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like
decomposition, root competition or shading.
Processes of
Ecosystems
ecosystems have energy
flows and ecosystems cycle
The Flow of Energy
• Energy that enters the biological
system as light energy, or photons, is
transformed into chemical energy in
organic molecules by cellular
processes including photosynthesis
and respiration, and ultimately is
converted to heat energy. This energy
is dissipated, meaning it is lost to the
system as heat; once it is lost it cannot
The Cycle of Materials
• Elements such as carbon , nitrogen, or
phosphorus enter living organisms in a
variety of ways. These materials are
transformed biochemically within the bodies
of organisms, but sooner or later, due to
excretion or decomposition, they are
returned to an inorganic state. Often
bacteria complete this process, through the
process called decomposition or
mineralization. During decomposition these
Interaction
Biotic components and abiotic
components of an eco-system interact
with and affect one another. If the
temperature of an area decreases, the
life existing there must adapt to it.
Global warming, or the worldwide
increase in temperature due to the
greenhouse effect, will speed up the
Different Types of
Ecosystems
 TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEMS
• can be found anywhere apart from
heavily saturated places.
 The Forest Ecosystems

• They are the ecosystems in which an abundance of flora,

or plants, is seen so they have a big number of
organisms which live in relatively small space.
• Tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest
• Temperate evergreen forest Temperate deciduous forest
• Taiga
The Desert
Ecosystems

• These are located in regions that

receive an annual rainfall less than
25. They occupy about 17 percent
of all the land on our planet. Due to the
extremely high temperature, low water
availability and intense sunlight, fauna and
flora are scarce and poorly developed.
The Grassland
Ecosystem

• Grasslands are located in both the tropical and

temperate regions of the world though the
ecosystems vary slightly. The area mainly
comprises grasses with a little number of trees
and shrubs. The two main kinds of grasslands
ecosystems are:
The Mountain
Ecosystem

• Mountain land provides a scattered and

diverse array of habitats where a large
number of animals and plants can be
found . At the higher altitudes, the
harsh environmental conditions normally
 AQUATIC

ECOSYSTEMS
•the ecosystem found in a body
 The Marine
Ecosystem
Marine ecosystems are the biggest
ecosystems, which cover around 71% of
Earth's surface and contain 97% of out planet's water. Water in Marine
ecosystems features in high amounts minerals and salts dissolved in
them. The different divisions of the marine ecosystem are:
• Oceanic: A relatively shallow part of oceans which lies on the
continental shelf.
• Profundal: deep or bottom water.
• Benthic Bottom substrates.
• Inter-tidal: The place between low and high tides.
• Estuaries, Coral reefs, and Salt marshes
• Hydrothermal vents
 The Freshwater
Ecosystem
• Contrary to the Marine ecosystems,
the freshwater ecosystem covers only
0.8% of Earth's surface and contains 0.009%
of the total water. Three basic kinds of
freshwater ecosystems exist:
• Lentic: Slow-moving or till water like pools,
lakes or ponds.
• Lotic: Fast-moving water such as streams
and rivers.
salamat babye

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