15MEC100 Computer Aided

Graphics (CAG)
 Introduction to Engineering
Graphics
• It is the principle method of communication in
the field of engineering and science.
• The graphic representation of physical objects
and their relationships.
• The language of graphics is written in the form
of drawings using straight and curved lines
which represent the shape, size and
specifications of physical objects.
 Traditional Drawing
• Engineering drawings are made up of straight
and curved lines to represent the surface, edges
and centres of objects.
• The preparation of these drawings manually,
by freehand sketching or with the help of
drawing instruments.
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
• The drawings are prepared with the help of
computer software and associated hardware’s.
• CAD is faster as well as efficient and the
modifications can be brought out very easily.
 CAD Instruments
CAD Version
1. Pro-circle
2. Roller scale 15 cm
3. Compass (Brand - Maped)
4. Eraser (Apsara Dustless)
5. Pencil HB - Faber Castle
6. Pencil H - Faber Castle
7. Sharpener

8. Sketch Notebook A3 size 40 page

 Lines – Types of Lines
1. Type A – Continuous thick lines and are used to
represent Visible out lines, Visible edges.
2. Type B – Continuous thin lines and are used to
represent Dimension lines, Projection lines,
Leader lines, Hatching lines.
3. Type E – are dashed thick lines and are used to
represent Hidden outlines and Hidden edges.
4. Type F - are dashed thin lines and are used to
represent Hidden outlines and Hidden edges.
5. Type G – are chain thin lines and are used to
represent Centre lines and Lines of symmetry.
Lines – Types of Lines
 Scales
• SCALE 1:1 for full scale
• SCALE 1:X for reduced scale
• SCALE X:1 for enlarged scale
 Drawing Sheets
Designation Size in mm
A0 840 X 1188
A1 594 X 840
A2 420 X 594
A3 297 X 420
A4 210 X 297
 Template
594

DRAWING SPACE

420

150

50 TITLE BLOCK

All dimensions are in mm

 Title Block

20 NAME TITLE OF DRAWING

10 CLASS DWG. NO. SCALE

10 ROLL NO. GRADE
10 DATE VALUED BY
50 50 50
Symbol – First Angle Projection
Ø16

Ø8

4 22 4 4
 Dimensioning
• A drawing describes shape of an object.
• The information like distance between surfaces
and edges with tolerance, location of holes,
machining symbols, surface finish, type of
material, quantity etc is included on the
drawing by means of lines, symbols and notes.
• The process of furnishing this information on a
technical drawing as per a code of practice is
called dimensioning.
 Elements of Dimensioning
• Projection line, Dimension line, Leader line,
Termination of dimension line, Dimensional
text.
 Projection Lines
• Type B lines.
• They should be drawn; Extending slightly
beyond the respective dimension line,
Perpendicular to the feature to be dimensioned,
May be drawn as extension of centre line or
outline of the object.
 Dimension Lines
• Type B lines
• Dimension line should not cross other lines
• A centre line or outer lines of a part should not
be used as a dimension line
 Leader Lines
• The lines referring to a feature
• Type B lines
• The tail end of the leader line should be terminated on
a short horizontal bar below the lettering of a note
• The use of common leaders may be avoided
• The head end of the leader line should be terminated
by;
Termination of Dimension Lines
• Terminations are indicated by arrowheads
• The arrow heads may be open, closed or
closed and filled in.
 Dimensional Text
• Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
an appropriate unit of measurement
• The location of the text value relative to the
dimension line is decided by the Method of
indicating them
 Methods of Indicating Dimensional
Values – Method 1
• Text should be placed aligning to the dimension
line
• Dimensional value should be;
Placed parallel to the dimension line
Placed above the dimension line
Placed at the middle of the dimension line
Placed in such a way that it can be read either from
the bottom or right hand side of the drawing
Methods of Indicating Dimensional
Values – Method 1
Indicating Linear Dimension in Method 1
Indicating Angular Dimension in Method 1
 Method 2
• Text should be placed vertical
• Dimensional values should be;
Placed above the horizontal dimension lines and
at the middle
Placed at the middle for vertical and inclined
dimension lines
Placed in such a way that it can be read from the
bottom side
Method 2
Arrangement of Dimension Lines
• The dimensions of an object can be placed
according to either Method-1 or Method-2.
• Chain Dimensioning – Dimension lines are
drawn as a chain.
• Parallel Dimensioning – Dimension lines are
drawn parallel to each other.
• Combined dimensioning – A combination of
chain and parallel dimensioning
Arrangement of Dimension Lines
 Shape Indication
• While dimensioning an object, the shape of the
feature is also indicated along with the
dimension value as far as possible
Φ : Diameter SΦ : Spherical diameter
R : Radius SR : Spherical radius
□ : Square
 Rules for Dimensioning
• Dimension lines, projection lines, extension
lines, and leader lines are drawn as continuous
thin lines (Type B)
• Projection lines should extend slightly beyond
the dimension line
• Projection lines are drawn in a direction
perpendicular to the feature to be dimensioned
• Dimensions are to be given from visible
outlines rather than from hidden lines
 Rules for Dimensioning – Contd…

• Each end of the dimension line should be

defined by an arrow head
• If dimensioning inside a hatched portion is
unavoidable, the hatching lines should not
cross the dimensional text
• Two systems of dimensioning should not be
mixed up in one drawing. (Method 1 or 2)
 Lettering
• All the notes and dimensions in the drawing
should be lettered like printing and not as
manuscript
• Good lettering improves the clarity and
appearance of the drawing
• While printing the letter by using pencil, it is not
easy to maintain the exact shape, proportions and
thickness of lines
• However, it is essential to maintain an
approximate width to height proportion for each
of the letters and numerals
 Lettering - Example
• Write the following in freehand, single stroke,
vertical letters having 14 mm height
“ENGINEERING”
 Sketch Book Assignment No.1
1. Write the capital letters A to Z having 10 mm
height.
2. Write the small letters a to z having 8mm height.
3. Write the numerals 0 to 9 in 14 mm height.
4. Write the following matter using freehand, single
stroke, vertical letters having 14 mm height
“COMPUTER AIDED GRAPHICS”
5. Write the following matter using freehand, single
stroke, vertical letters having 14 mm height “Neat
and Attractive Lettering is Important” (Note:
Height of small letters is 10 mm)
 Evaluation Components
• Internal – 80 marks
Lab session marks – 40
Sketch book Assignment – 20
One intermediate test – 20
• External – 20 marks

Text Book – N D Bhat and V M Panchal – Engg.

Drawing Plane and Solid Geometry