Sales, Vanessa B.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
GENERATING SOURCES
Different types
• Fossil Fuel
• Hydroelectric
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
• Renewable
- Photovoltaics
- Solar Thermal
- Wind
- Bio-gas
The 5,400 MW Bełchatów Power Station in Poland The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is
– one of the world's largest coal-fired power the world's largest power producing facility of any
stations. kind.
The 1200 MWe Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Krafla, a geothermal power station in Iceland
Switzerland. The boiling water reactor (BWR), located
inside the dome capped cylindrical structure, is
dwarfed in size by its cooling tower.
A solar photovoltaic system array on a rooftop Wind power stations in Xinjiang, China
in Hong Kong.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
TRANSMISSION LINES

• High Voltage 69kV – 500kV

• Power Capacity 50 – 1000 MW
• Carry power long distances
• Low energy losses
• Large structures
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS

• Primary: 12 – 34kV AC
• Secondary: 480 V – 120V AC
• Power capacity: 10 – 40 MW
• Shorter distances, higher losses
• Smaller overhead structures
• Underground
- Transformers
-Breakers
- Lightning arresters
- Switches
 Three-phase transformer is effectively three interconnected
single phase transformers on a single laminated core and
considerable savings in cost, size and weight can be achieved by
combining the three windings onto a single magnetic circuit as
shown.
 A three-phase transformer generally has the three magnetic
circuits that are interlaced to give a uniform distribution of the
dielectric flux between the high and low voltage windings. The
exception to this rule is a three-phase shell type transformer. In
the shell type of construction, even though the three cores are
together, they are non-interlaced.
 In commercial and industrial applications, the use of three-phase
power is common. This type of power is necessary for large
motors, welding equipment and other large loads. The breakers
are usually much larger than residential breakers. Three-phase
power has three hot wires instead of one. There is no neutral
wire to attach in this type of panel. Grounding is the same as for
any other panel.
 Three-Phase integrated lightning arrester consists of our
lightning arrester by four-stars type, So it can protect each phase
to earth and phase to phase from over-voltage, because of its
smart structure, Its function is equal to six lightning arresters, it
also solve the problem that lightning arresters can't protect phase
to phase very well. Three-Phase integrated lightning arrester
,can be either gap or no series.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
CUSTOMER LOAD
• Customer Power
 Residential
 Single phase, 220 – 120V
 Commercial
 Three phase, 277 - 4160V
• Metering of Power Consumption
 Conventional meters
 Automatic Metering Infrastructure
• Demand Response
 Automatic
 Manual
 Service provider (Centlec) is phasing out
the conventional electricity meters. l. Centlec is subsidising the
conversion to pre-paid metercurrently; therefore conventional
meters are replaced with pre-paid meters without any costs.
 Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an architecture for
automated, two-way communication between a smart utility
meter with an IP address and a utility company. The goal of an
AMI is to provides utility companies with real-time data about
power consumption and allow customers to make informed
choices about energy usage based on the price at the time of use.
 Automated Demand Response is an easy way to increase energy
and cost savings by automating the energy controls of your
choice, no matter what industry sector you’re in. Automated
Demand Response can also help you reach your sustainability
goals through credits towards LEED, NetZero and more.