Preliminary

Design of Sodium
Carbonate Plant
Ardina Ayu Wulandari

Bilqis Nur Fadhilah

TK15
David Kristianto MEMBER
Muhammad Daffa

Yohanes Pandu
Wicaksono
 HEAT EXCHANGER

01 04
INTRODUCTION NETWORK
Background, Review Literature, Basic Information, Energy
Market and Capacity Analysis Target, Pinch Method, PFD

PROCESS SYNTHESIS

02 05
AND SELECTION
Process Synthesis, Process
Selection, Analysis, Selected
Process Description, BFD, and PFD
UTILITY
Water Utility, Air Utility, Electricity
Utility, Fuel Utility, Waste and By-
Product Handling

MASS AND
ENERGY BALANCE
Mass Balance, Energy
Balance, Performance 03 06 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is one of the inorganic
compounds and it traditionally produced from trona ore in
the USA. It is found in the form of deposits on many
locations

Sodium carbonate can also be generated with:

BACKGROUND • Leblanc Process
• Solvay Process
• Carbonation
• Dual Process

In Indonesia, sodium carbonate hasn’t been produced yet.

The product is still being imported. With the high demand
of soda ash in each year, it is better to start
manufacturing sodium carbonate other than importing it
from another countries.
 Physical and Chemical Properties

Molecular Weight 105.99 g/mol

Form Solid
Color White
Review Melting Point 8540 C
Literature Boiling Point 16000 C (decomposition)
pH 11.5 at 50 g/l 250 C
Relative Density (at 200 C) 2.53 g/cm3
Water Solubility (at 200 C) 220 g/l
Particle Size Around 198 (μm)
Method: OECD 110 Test
 Usage of Sodium Carbonate
Glass Industry Paper and Pulp
 Modifier or fluxing agent, to lowering the  Production of sodium sulphite
melting temperature of sand
Textiles
Detergent Industry  Preparation of fibers and textiles
Review  Prepared soaps, scouring powders,
soaking, and washing powders Chemical Industry
Literature  Production of various chemical fertilizer
Metals and Mining  Production of artificial sodium
 Refining and smelting stages bentonites or activated bentonites
 Manufacture of synthetic detergents
Steel Industry  Enameling industry
 Flux, a desulfurizer, dephosphorizer, and  Petroleum industry
denitrider
 According to Ministry of Industry Republik Indonesia, Achmad Sigit Dwiwahjono,
as general director Industri Kimia, Tekstil, dan Aneka (IKTA) said that Indonesia
is still importing 100% soda ash while the demand is rising and reaching 1
million ton per year (2018).

Indonesia Importing Sodium Carbonate by Year

Market
Year Import (Ton) In 2019 and 2020, the demands
and
2014 913,825.11 can be estimated using the
Capacity following equation:
2015 936,654.78
Analysis
2016 869,081.05 𝑛
𝐹 = 𝐹0 1 + 𝑖
2017 879,750.59
2018 1,013,606.80
 Calculate i
Year Import (Ton) % Growth
2014 913,825.11 -
2015 936,654.78 1.0249825
2016 869,081.05 0.9278563
Market 2017 879,750.59 1.0122768
and 2018 1,013,606.8 1.1521524
Capacity Average 1.029317
Analysis 2020 Demand Estimation

𝐹 = 𝐹0 1 + 𝑖 𝑛
2
𝐹 = 1,013,606.8 1 + 0.01029317
𝐹 = 1,034,580.64 𝑡𝑜𝑛
This industry is planned to produce sodium carbonate for 145,332 ton / year
which is similar to 15% market share
PROCESS SYNTHESIS
AND SELECTION
 Solvay Process

Known as soda ammonia process that using NaCl and Limestone as the main
raw material and uses ammonia as a reagent cycle, with a by-product of CaCl2.
The process step are brine purification, ammonia absorption, carbonation,
filtration, decomposition, and ammonia regeneration.
Process The reaction:
Synthesis
𝑁𝐻3 𝑔 + 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 → 𝑁𝐻4 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑎𝑞
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑎𝑞 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑠 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑞
2 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 𝑠 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑠 + 𝐶𝑂2 𝑔 + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

In this reaction, the ammonium bicarbonate formed reacts with salt to form
sodium bicarbonate. Almost all ammonia formed by this reaction is recycled
into the process for reuse.
 Carbonation Process

The carbonation process is carried out by absorption of CO2 in NaOH solution.

The reaction is as follows:
𝐶𝑂2 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑂𝐻 − 𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− 𝑎𝑞
𝐻𝐶𝑂3− 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑂𝐻 − 𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 𝐶𝑂32− (𝑎𝑞)
Process 𝑁𝑎+ 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐶𝑂32− 𝑎𝑞 ↔ 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑎𝑞
Synthesis Dual Process

The DUAL process combines soda ash production with ammonium chloride production. In
this process ammonium chloride is produced as a co product in equivalent quantities
and it does not recycle ammonia.

The principal operation change offered by the dual process is mainly the treatment of the
ammonium chloride formed according to the following reaction:
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻4 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙
 Leblanc Process

Common salt is mixed with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) concentration, and heated in a cast iron
salt cake furnace by flue gases from adjacent coal of fire. The reaction is:
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿

The HCl product passed to tower packed with coke and absorbed through a spray water.
Process The NaHSO4 result from the process above, is taken out and heated to a high
temperature on the hearth of a furnace along with more common salt.
Synthesis
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿

The salt cake is pulverized, mixed with coke and limestone and charged into black ash
rotary furnace consisting of refractory lined steel shells. The mass is heated by hot
combustion gases entering at one end and leaving at the others.

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐶 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 + 2𝐶𝑂2

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 + 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑎𝑆
 Weight Scoring Criteria
Parameter
(%) 1 2 3 4 5
All stages have
Some stages have
Technology All stages are still Some stages are All stages had been been used in real
30 been applied in real
Development on research still on research used in real industry industry and still
industry
being developed
Inefficient and Efficient and Inefficient and Inefficient and Efficient and
Efficiency and ineffective process ineffective process effective process effective process effective process
20
Effectivity with low purity with low purity with low purity with high purity with high purity
Process product product product product product

Selection No possible step

Little possible step Little possible step Several possible
Many possible step
improvements and improvements,
improvements, not improvements, step improvements,
Flexibility 15 not applied for highly applied for
applied for different applied for different applied for different
different raw different raw
raw materials raw materials raw materials
materials materials

Technological Very complex, more more than 5 major Compact, less than
20 5 major stages 4 major stages
Complexity than 8 major stages stages 4 major stages

High cost, low

Raw Material High cost and low low cost and low High cost and high low cost and high
15 availability and
Availability availability availibility availability availibility
contain toxic
 Parameter Process Comparison
Solvay Process and Dual Process is the most used processes in real industry and still being
developed compared with the other processes. So that the technology is more mature rather than the
other process. Le-Blank process is an outdated process, so the technologies is not having a proper
Technology Development
development anymore. There is only little industries that is using Carbonation process to produce
soda ash, so the technologies is not having a proper development compared with solvay and dual
process.

The carbonation process and Dual process are the most efficient and effective process. Although the
Efficiency and Effectivity process is efficient and effective, it has disadvantages such as raw material availability and
Process technology complexity.

Selection Solvay process and Dual process is the most flexibility of overall process. The flexibility or versatility
Flexibility of the feedstock is more likely to be adjusted rather than the other processes. Carbonation process
can not use any other feedstock rather than NaOH.

Carbonation process has the most simple or compact technologies. Means that this process is more
Technological Complexity likely easy to be used rather than the other processes. On the other side, process that needs more
effort to operate or has the most complex technology is Le-Blank Process.

Raw material availability and cost is also an important parameter. Solvay process feedstock is the
most available and relatively cheaper compared with the other process. On the other hand,
Raw Material Availability
Carbonation process feedstock is relatively hard to get (NaOH). Seeing that NaOH is already a product
than can be used without further process.
 Weight Solvay Process Dual Process Le Blank Process Carbonation
Parameter
(%) Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score
Technology
30 5 1,5 5 1,5 4 1,2 4 1,2
Development
Efficiency and
20 4 0,8 5 1 4 0,8 5 1
Process Effectivity

Scoring
Flexibility 15 4 0,6 4 0,6 3 0,45 2 0,3
Technological
20 2 0,4 3 0,6 1 0,2 4 0,8
Complexity
Raw Material
15 5 0,75 2 0,3 4 0,6 2 0,3
Availability
Total 4,05 4 3,25 3,6
Rank 1 2 4 3
 BRINE
Brine Composition
NaCl 290 g/L
SO2- 8 g/L
Mg2+ 9.2 ppm
RAW MATERIAL
ANALYSIS Ca2+ 8.4 ppm
Fe2+ 0.8 ppm

Supplier
 PT Cheetham Garam Indonesia (Cilegon)
 PT Sumatraco Langgeng Makmur (Surabaya)
 PT Kusuma Tirta Perkasa (Surabaya)
 Components % wt
SiO2 0.1
LIMESTONE
Al2O3 0.22
MgO 0.25
CaO 55.40
Na2O 0.07
RAW MATERIAL
K2O 0.01
ANALYSIS
Cr2O3 0.01
MnO2 0.07

Supplier Fe2O3 0.06

 PT Giri Mulia Jatim (Pacitan and CaCO3 98.84
Jember) MgCO3 0.51
 PT Niraku Jaya Abadi (Surabaya) Moisture Content 0.11
 AMMONIA Solvay process consumes only
small amounts of additional
ammonia to make up for the
losses. Ammonia plays a role
RAW MATERIAL to trigger the reaction of
ANALYSIS
sodium chloride and carbon
dioxide.
Supplier
 PT Petrokimia Gresik (Gresik)
 PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek (Cikampek)
 Jl. Brotonegoro, Kebomas, Gresik, East Java.

PLANT
LOCATION
ANALYSIS

Close to Raw Land

Proximity
Material and Labor Resources Development
to Markets
Source Availibility
 Removing Ca and Mg ions from crude brine
MgSO4 aq + Na2 CO3 aq → MgCO3 s + Na2 SO4 (aq)
Brine Purification
CaSO4 aq + Na2 CO3 aq → CaCO3 s + Na2 SO4 (aq)

Producing CO2 for Solvay Process and Ca(OH2) for NH3 recovery
Lime Section
CaCO3 s → CaO s + CO2 g
CaO s + H2 O l → Ca OH 2 aq

Producing sodium bicarbonate for sodium carbonate calcination

PROCESS
Solvay Process
NaCl aq + H2 O + NH3 aq + CO2 (g) → NaHCO3 s + 2NH4 Cl (aq)
DESCRIPTION
Separating NaHCO3 and 2NH4 Cl, NaHCO3 for calcination Filtration NaHCO3
and 2NH4 Cl for recovery NH3

Decomposing of sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate

Calcination
NaHCO3 s → Na2 CO3 s + CO2 g + H2 O (g)

For recovering ammonia gas from milk lime and ammoniacal

brine and producing calcium chloride as by product Recovery NH3
2NH4 Cl aq + Ca OH 2 aq → 2NH3 g + 2H2 O l + CaCl2
BLOCK FLOW
DIAGRAM
MASS AND ENERGY
BALANCE
 MASS FLOW OUT
PROCESS EQUIPMENT MASS FLOW IN (KG/HR)
(KG/HR)

M-201 10638.742 10638.742

M-200 123.400 123.400
BRINE PURIFICATION R-200 154556.892 154556.892
MIXER 154680.294 154680.294
FL-200 154684.567 154684.567
DD-100 60000.000 60000.000
JJ-100 35646.899 35646.899
LIMESECTION
M-100 40646.899 40645.899
E-101 24354.101 24354.101

OVERALL MASS SOLVAY PROCESS

T-200 206094.513 206094.513

BALANCE
FLASH 206094.518 206094.518
FILTRATION FL-101 187309.289 187309.289
E-300 92331.086 92331.086
FG-300 92331.143 92331.143
CALCINATION E-301 25470.605 25470.605
SR-300 25470.624 25470.624
V-300 25470.624 25470.624
R-100 184671.464 184671.464
B3 184671.464 184671.464
RECOVERY AMMONIA
Mixer 2 13103.125 13103.125
E-201 13103.122 13103.122
TOTAL 1891453.374 1891452.374
 Equipment Input (kJ/h) Output (kJ/h) Requirement (kJ/h)
M-201 -154822808.84 -154822808.77 0.06
M-200 -1937106.98 -1937106.98 0.00
R-200 -2062414015.60 -2031415725.10 30998290.50
MIXER -2033352832.08 -2033352884.24 -52.17
FL-200 -2033352884.24 -2049160621.71 -15807737.47
DD-100 -1213478872.10 -930750826.27 282728045.83
JJ-100 -617912546.75 -686232362.35 -68319815.61
M-100 -923887488.41 -688852577.06 235034911.35
E-101 -312838279.52 -361703312.71 -48865033.19
OVERALL ENERGY T-200 -2424506806.12 -2497793317.23 -73286511.12
FLASH -2497793317.23 -2522404106.34 -24610789.11
BALANCE FL-101 -2354056355.27 -2354056391.72 -36.45
E-300 -495179819.53 -451169045.04 44010774.49
FG-300 -451169045.04 -446314201.96 4854843.08
E-301 -262040158.20 -266208601.44 -4168443.24
SR-300 -266208601.44 -266208601.44 0.00
V-300 -266208601.44 -266208601.44 0.00
R-100 -2542239622.14 -2590283119.00 -48043496.86
B3 -2590283119.00 -2594175496.93 -3892377.93
MIXER2 -43751242.72 -43751242.80 -0.09
E-201 -43751242.80 -42898330.31 852912.50
TOTAL -23591184765.46 -23279699280.84 311485484.60
 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐲𝐢𝐧 − 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐭 + 𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐃𝐮𝐭𝐲 = 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐬

OVERALL ENERGY 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
−23591184765.4616 − −23279699280.841
BALANCE ℎ ℎ

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
+ (311485484.6025 ) = 0.00
ℎ ℎ𝑟
 mሶ sodium carbonate
Conversion Efficiency =
mሶ brine + mሶ water + mሶ calcium carbonate + mሶ ammonia
Conversion Efficiency = 6.58%
kg Na2 CO3
YieldNa2 CO3 = 0.127
brine kg brine

kg Na2 CO3
MASS AND ENERGY YieldNa2 CO3 = 0.788
kg water
PERFOMANCE water

INDICATOR
kg Na2 CO3
YieldNa2 CO3 = 0.183
CaCO3 kg CaCO3

kg Na2 CO3
Yield Na2 CO3 = 1.55
ammonia kg ammonia

Total Heat Duty kJ

Energy Consumption = = 16973.85
mሶ Na2 CO3 kg Na2 CO3
HEAT EXCHANGER
NETWORK
 Streams Through
T Supply (oC) T Target (oC) Component Type
Cooler/Heater

E-101 1,100.00 60.00 CO2 HOT

E-200 90.00 60.00 Brine HOT

JJ-100 1,100.00 30.00 CaO HOT

E-301 165.00 30.00 Na2CO3 HOT

STREAMS E-302 30.00 130.00 Udara COLD

E-201 29.50 60.50 NH3 COLD

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 ∶
4 Hot Streams
2 Cold Streams
Composite
Curve
Method

𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑪𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

23500 kW
Problem Table
Algorithm
Method

𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒊 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒕𝒂

𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐡 𝟏𝟎 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐬
 Heat Duty CP
No Equipment Type Tin (oC) Tout (oC)
(kW) (kW/oC)

1 E-101 HOT 1,100.00 60.00 13.04

-8,144.17
2 E-200 HOT 90.00 60.00 145.27
-4,391.04
3 JJ-100 HOT 1,100.00 30.00 17.724
-11,386.64

Problem Table 4 E-301 HOT 165.00 30.00

-1,157.84
8.571

Algorithm 5 E-302 COLD 30.00 130.00

1,387
13.857

Method (Con’t) 6 E-201 COLD 29.50 60.50

232
7.61

𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒊 𝑪𝑷 𝒑𝒂𝒅𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎
Problem Table
Algorithm
Method (Con’t)

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎, 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒃𝒂𝒉𝒘𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒅

𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐲𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐡𝐤𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐡 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝐤𝐖
HEN
Design
(Pinch
design)
Comparison
Heat Duty
Before and
After HEN
 MASS FLOW IN MASS FLOW OUT
PROCESS EQUIPMENT
(Kg/hr) (Kg/hr)

M-201 10638.742 10638.742

M-200 123.400 123.400
BRINE PURIFICATION R-200 154556.436 154556.436
MIXER 154679.836 154679.836
FL-200 154679.892 154679.892
DD-100 60000.001 60000.001
JJ-100 35645.899 35645.899
LIMESECTION M-100 40645.899 40645.899
E-101A 48877.791 48877.791

OVERALL MASS E-101B 48877.791 48877.791

BALANCE
T-200 189470.927 189470.927
SOLVAY PROCESS FLASH 189471.010 189471.010

(AFTER HEN) E-102 24354.101 24354.101

FILTRATION FL-101 187309.287 187309.287
E-300 92331.104 92331.104
FG-300 92331.104 92331.104
CALCINATION E-301 25470.624 25470.624
SR-300 25470.624 25470.624
V-300 25470.624 25470.624
R-100 183465.476 183465.476
B3 217229.409 217229.409
RECOVERY AMMONIA
Mixer 2 13574.191 13574.191
E-201 168254.083 168254.083

TOTAL 2142928.252 2142928.252

UTILITY
 No Water Requirement Mass Flow (kg/h)

WATER 1 Process Water Requirement 13213.68

UTILITY
(BEFORE
2 Sanitation Water Requirement 73.5

HEN) 3 Cooling Water Requirement 2161679

Total 2174966.18
 No Water Requirement Mass Flow (kg/h)

WATER 1 Process Water Requirement 13213.68

UTILITY 73.5

(After
2 Sanitation Water Requirement

HEN) 3 Cooling Water Requirement 724509

Total 737796.18
 Water Process
No Code Equipment
AIR UTILITY
(kg/ h)

1 E-300 Rotary Dryer 49047.4

 Electricity Requiered
No Code Equipment Quantity
(KWh)
C-101, C-102, C-100, C-300, Conveyor/
1 5 7.5
C-301 elevator
2 E-300 Rotary Dryer 1 75
3 FL-100, FL-101 Rotary Filter 2 2.74
4 FG-100, FG-101, FG-300 Cyclone 3 6.6
5 JJ-100 Greater Cooler 1 5000
Electricity 6 M-100, M-200 Mixer Tank 2 6
(Before HEN) 7
P-100, P-200, P-201, P-202,
Pump 16 73
and Pump Utility
8 R-100, R-200 Reactor 2 6
9 SR-300 Ball Mill 1 210

TOTAL 33 5387

electrical energy required per year is 42,593,760 kWh and the annual price for this
plant 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = Rp 47,364,261,120/ years.
 Electricity Requiered
No Code Equipment Quantity
(KWh)
Conveyor/
1 C-101, C-102, C-100, C-300, C-301 5 7.5
elevator
2 E-300 Rotary Dryer 1 75
3 FL-100, FL-101 Rotary Filter 2 2.74
4 FG-100, FG-101, FG-300 Cyclone 3 6.6

Electricity
5 JJ-100 Greater Cooler 1 5000
6 M-100, M-200 Mixer Tank 2 6
(After HEN) P-100, P-200, P-201, P-202, and
7 Pump 16 73
Pump Utility
8 R-100, R-200 Reactor 2 6
9 SR-300 Ball Mill 1 210
TOTAL 28 5364

electrical energy required per year is 42,482,880 kWh and the annual price for this
plant 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = Rp 47,240,962,560/ years.
 Fuel Need
Equipment Code Heat Duty (MJ/hour)
Fuel (kg/hour)
(Before HEN) Rotary Kiln DD-100 282538.9699 3936.884343
Boiler B-500 7095.27 177.8712274
Total 4114.755571
Fuel Equipment Code Heat Duty (MJ/hour) Fuel Need (kg/hour)

(After HEN)
Rotary Kiln DD-100 282538.9699 6557.079216
PFD UTILITY
(BEFORE HEN)
PFD UTILITY
(AFTER HEN)
 BRINE PURIFICATION WASTE

Physical Separation of Suspended Solids and

Liquid Dispersion

CALCIUM CHLORIDE HANDLING

WASTE
HANDLING
Then evaporate the calcium chloride solution

CARBON DIOXIDE EXCESS

Liquified CO2 with refrigerant

CONCLUSION
 1. Raw material hat used in this plant are NaCl (Brine), limestone, Ammonia and Polycrylamide
as floculant.
2. Process production sodium carbonate consists of brine purification, Lime section to produce
CO2, Solvay Process, Filtration of sodium bicarbonate, Calcination of Sodium Bicarbonate to
Produce Sodium Carbonate, and recovery of ammonium with milk of lime.
3. Product conversion efficiency 6,58%, and the overall energy consumption
kJ
16973.85
CONCLUSION
kg Na2 CO3

4. Cooling water requirement 1.083.77 kg/h, water process required 23.213,68 kg/h, and for
sanitation water need 1.108.740,68 kg/h.
5. The air required for combustion in the plant, total air requirement is 49047,4 kg/h.
𝑘𝑊ℎ
6. The total the electricity requirement is 44.725.164,38 and annual price Rp
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
49.734.382.901,76/ years.
7. Fuel is needed in this plant for calcination process, total requirement of fuel 6557,079
kg/hr.
THANKS