10B04.

4
Evolution and
Perspectives

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Recall Test
1. Which of the factor leads to speciation ?
A) Genetic Drift B) Cell division
C) DNA formation D) Photosynthesis
2. Select the correct sequence leading to speciation :
A) Evolution → Variation →Speciation
B) Variation → Speciation → Evolution
C) Variation → Evoution →Speciation
D) None of the above

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3. Characteristics that have different ancestries but same

functions are:
A) Analogous B) Homologous
C) Similar D) Both A and B
4. The arm of human and wing of bat is an example of:
A) Analogous organs
B) Homologous organs
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
5. The speciation of Galapagos finches is an example of :
A) Geographical Isolation B) Variation
C) Mutation D) Natural Selection

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Recall Test - Answers

1. A – Genetic Drift
2. C – Variation → Evolution → Speciation
3. A – Analogous
4. B – Homologous Organs
5. A – Geographical Isolation

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Summary from the last class

• A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in
which two individuals can produce fertile offspring.
• Variations over generations leads to evolution which may
lead to speciation.
• Classification of an organism is a result of its evolution.
• Homologous structures have same structure and different
function.
• Analogous structures have different structure and same
function

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Concepts to be Covered
• Complexity of organs due to evolution
• Body design of different species in evolutionary terms
• Diversity in human beings developed due to evolution
• Tracing origin of human beings

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Complexity of Organs due to Evolution

Plant system getting

complex with evolution and
formation of new species.

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Concept Test

Which feature makes the Angiosperms group of complex plants?

A) Flowers
B) Complex Tissues
C) Soft Tissues
D) Barks

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Concept Test - Answer

Answer: B) Complex Tissues

Solution: The presence of complex tissue system for the

transfer of food and water in the plant body.

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Discussion
Is it necessary that evolution leads to complexity in the body
structure or organs or an organisms. Give examples to support
your answers ?

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Discussion - Answer
Answer: It's easy to think about evolution as a linear,
progressive drive toward greater and greater complexity,
something that started with single-celled amoebas and
ended with us. But evolution doesn't have a destination, and
even if it did, humans are certainly not it. In many cases,
evolution tends to favour simplicity. That's why creatures
that live in caves lost their eyes, and whales — which are
descended from terrestrial mammals — have almost no leg
bones. Not even intelligence is sacred: sea urchins, which
have no central nervous system, evolved from an ancestor
with a brain.

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Body Design of Different Species in Evolutionary

Terms

Evolution leads to various body designs.

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Discussion
How can you say that evolution occurs by stages?

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Discussion - Answer
Answer: Evolution is a step by step process, it does not
happen in few years. It takes generations by generations to
exhibit variations over a large range. Organisms get adapted
to their habitat by bring about certain changes in their
structure. These changes are called as adaptations which
bring about variations in the evolution. These variations are
carried on to successive generations by natural selection. A
classic example which supports the statement 'Evolution by
stages' is the evolution of eye.
Contd.....

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•In lower organisms like Planaria, optic sensory structures are

present as patches which act as eye spots.
•In organisms like cockroaches, compound eyes are present
which help them to see around their body.
•In organisms like octopus, eye is remarkable having iris,
circular lens, vitreous cavity, retina with photoreceptor cells.
•They lack a cornea. The lens in octopus does not change its
shape but focuses through movement.
•In vertebrates, eye is a well-developed sensory structure with
iris, ciliary muscles, pupil, cornea and a lens. The size of the
pupil can be regulated. Shape of the lens can be adjusted in
order to focus the image on the retina.

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Diversity in Human Beings Developed due to

Evolution

Human Evolution over ages

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Discussion
Why Haven't All Primates Evolved into Humans?

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Discussion - Answer
Answer: Humans did not evolve from apes, gorillas or chimps.
We are all modern species that have followed different
evolutionary paths, though humans share a common
ancestor with some primates, such as the African ape.
Evolution is a matter of filling ecological and social niches.
African apes are still around because their environment has
encouraged the reproductive success of individuals with
different genetic material than ours.

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Tracing Origin of Human Beings

A depiction of
Human origin

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Concept Test
The first ancestors of humans believed to be:
A) Gorilla
B) Ape
C) Chimpanzee
D) Monkey

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Concept Test - Answer

Answer: B) Ape

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Topic Summary
• With evolution the complexity of organs in different
organism increased. For e.g.: Complex tissue system in
plants.
• After evolution from unicellular organisms different
organisms acquired different body designs.
• Human evolution is depicted to be started from apes which
finally evolved till Homo sapiens.

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See You In Next Class!!!!

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