SEMINAR

ON
SHADE BALLS

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr.SUSHANTH BHANDARI
Dr.SAMSON OJOAWO

SUBMITTED BY:
SHASHIKUMAR SHIVANAGI
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
LITERATURE
METHODOLOGY
APPLICATIONS
BENEFITS
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION :

Shade balls are small plastic spheres floated on top of reservoirs.

These are also known as bird balls, initially they were developed to
prevent birds from landing on bodies of water.
These are used in reservoir for environmental reasons, including slow
evaporation.
Shade ball is combination of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and
carbon black.
HDPE is economical low cost material.
Carbon black is economically high cost.
 They are about 4 inches (10cm) in diameter.
 One piece of shade ball costs 0.36$. In Indian currency one ball costs
25.8 rupees.
 They have also been used by airports to reduce collisions with
planes.
 To prevent water resource.
Objectives :

 To prevent water losses.

 To reduces for the waste materials.

 To prevent the growth of bromate.

 To save the water in urgent period.

 LITERATURE :


Shade balls were introduced by Brian White,who was a biologist in 2008.

Based on the idea of “Bird balls” that he observed near airport runways.

Starting in mid-2008, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
(LADWP) put 400000 balls in the Ivanhoe reservoir.

The main objective was preventing the formation of a carcinogenic
chemical, Bromate.

In 2014 and 2015, the LADWP put 96 million shade balls on to its largest
reservoir Las Virgenes.

The main aim was to reduce evaporation and also reduce uv radiation by-
products and algae growth.
 METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL USED :

1. HDPE Pipes and Caps (Waste).

2. Carbon black (tyre waste).

1. HDPE PIPES
• It is also known as polyethylene thermoplastic.
• It is used as plastic bottle cap, geo-membranes, corrosion
resisting pipes.
• It is opaque and can withstand somewhat high strength.
2.CARBON BLACK (TYRE WASTE)

• It is produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum

products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, with the
addition of small amount of vegetable oil.
• It is mainly used as reinforcing filler in tyres and other rubber
products.
• It also used in plastics, paints and inks as a colour pigment.
These balls are carried in trucks or in bags.
These balls are manually released or directly dumped into the
reservoirs.
The balls float at the surface of the reservoirs to form a cover.
That prevents sunlight from triggering a reaction between bromide
and chlorine which forms carcinogen bromate.
These are partially filled with water to avoid being blown away by
wind.
 APPLICATIONS :

• Swimming pool installation.

• Ballistic plastic.
• Banners.
• Overall, China where beverage bottles are made from HDPE
pipes.
• Also used in the manufacture of Milk juges and hollow goods.
 BENEFITS OF SHADE BALLS :

Black is the most opaque and absorbs the sunlight and prevent it
from entering the water surface.
Does not affect rain water that come into water bed.
Prevents UV rays from catalysing chemical reactions that could
produce algae OR harmful reactions (such as BROMATE which
may cause toxic to kidneys.
Bromate is formed when bromide from water surface oxidizes
by chlorine under sunlight.
These are also known as BIRD BALLS, initially they were
developed to prevent birds from landing on bodies of water.

They were also used to prevent birds from landing on toxic

tailing ponds produced by mining operations.

They were also been used by airports.

 RESULTS :

The balls saved 1.7 million cubic meters of water from evaporating
during their deployment from August 2015 to March 2017.
These balls covers the 85 to 90 per cent of reservoir.
Reduce the water evaporation by 43 to 47 per cent.
These balls saves around 300 million gallons of water from
evaporating each year.
This project saved around $250 million to the LADWP.
 CONCLUSION :

From the experimental test results, shade balls are found to be

better performance in reduction of water vapour.
Tyres are the mixture of natural, artificial rubber and carbon
black.
Tyres are burned and at last the ash (carbon black) will remains.
Pipes, bottle caps are used, so that wastes are reused OR
recycled at low cost OR minimum cost.
In India, especially Tamilnadu is having limited water resources.
Thermal Coal is a low cost material and can stop the vapour up to
65%.
 Thermal coal can blow away by wind due to its light weight.
 In California Shade Balls are high cost material, it can stop the
vapour up to 47%
 The Shade Balls in India are low in cost and these can stop the
vapour up to 43-45%.
 These balls can float on the top of water resources in anywhere and
they are eco-friendly.
 REFERENCES :
Shih, J.S. and ReVelle, C., 1994. Water-supply operations during
drought: Continuous hedging rule. Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management, 120(5), pp.613-629.
Toronto star, October 23, 2016 Macro chown oved.
Poon, Linda (August 12, 2015). “How a Giant ball Pit is Saving
L.A’s Water Supply”. City lab.
Walton, shade balls go viral-but the internet has mixed opinion.
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
Vara-orta, Francisco. A Reservoir goes undercover. Los Angeles
times. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Marco chown oved. “Shade balls-Just add water”. Toronto star.
October 23 ,2016.
Los Angeles unleashes ‘shade balls’ to protect reservoir water
quality.
“Water :long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment Rule”.
United states Environmental protection agency 2013-02-11
retrieved. 2015-08-13.
Latchoomun (2015) Laboratory investigation of the leakage
characteristics of unburied HDPE pipes: University of Mauritius,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Shih, J.S. and ReVelle, C., 1994. Water-supply operations during
drought: Continuous hedging rule. Journal of Water Resources
Planning and Management, 120(5), pp.613-629.