GLOBAL

MIGRATION
1. Identify the reasons for the migration of
people;
2. Explain why states regulate migration;
3. Discuss the effects of global migration
on the economic well-being of states.
4. Analyze the political, economic, cultural,
and social factors underlying the global
movements of people; and
5. Display first-hand knowledge of the
experiences of OFW’s.
 Migration means crossing the boundary of
a political or administrative unit for a
certain minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998).

 A result of the integration of local

communities and economies into
global relationship.

 It often result of economic and social

development.
 Human migration is
the movement of
people from one place
in the world to another
for the purpose of
taking up permanent
or semipermanent
residence, usually
across a political
boundary.
 People can either choose to
move ("voluntary
migration") or be forced to
move ("involuntary
migration").
 Migration occurs at a variety
of scales: intercontinental
(between continents),
intracontinental (between
countries on a given
continent), and interregional
(within countries).
 One of the most
significant migration
patterns has been Rural
to Urban migration—the
movement of people
from the countryside to
cities in search of
opportunities.
 Internal Migration: Moving to a new
home within a state, country, or continent.
- movement of people away from the
rural region (country sides, farms) to an
urban (town or city) area.
Which age group is most prone to move?
 Which group of country experiences large
volumes of rural-urban migrants?
- Developing countries, e.g. India and Brazil

 What is the main reason and most important

reason for this movement?
- Rural area cannot support the large and
rapid population increase

 What are the symptoms of rural

overpopulation?
- Reduced food supply, decrease job
opportunities, shortage of land
 Rural-urban migration

 Seasonal migration - also known as labor

migration.
- It refers to the movement of people away
from their homes to find a livelihood, usually on a
temporary basis.

 Planned migration – refers to large-scale

migration of people within the country
- It is usually carried out by the government.
 International Migration – means
crossing the frontiers which separate one
of the world’s approximately 200 states
from another.
- People cross borders of one country
to another.
 Involuntary Migration – Forced migration
- movement of people caused by events
which force people to move against their will

 Voluntary Migration – movement of people by

choice or one’s own free will
- reasons given for such movement is quite
similar to reasons for rural-urban migration.
 Temporary labour migrants
-men and women who migrate for a limited
period (from a few months to several years) in
order to take up employment and send money
home.
 Highly skilled and business migrants
- people with qualifications as managers,
executives, professionals, technicians or similar,
who move within the internal labour markets of
transnational corporations and international
organizations or who seek employment through
international labour markets for scarce skills.
 Irregular migrants
- people who enter a country, usually in search of
employment, without necessary documents and permits.
 Refugees
- a person residing outside his or her country or
nationality, who is unable or unwilling to return because of a
“well-founded fear of persecution on account of race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group, or political opinion.
 Asylum-seekers
- people who move across borders in search of
protection, but who may not fulfill the strict criteria laid
down by the 1951 Convention.
 Forced migrants
- This includes not only refugees and asylum-
seekers but also people forced to move by
environmental catastrophes or development
projects.
 Family members
- people who have already entered an
immigration country under one of the above
categories.
 Return migrants
- people who return to their countries of origin
after a period in another country.
 Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within
a state, country, or continent.

 External Migration: Moving to a new home in a

different state, country, or continent.

 Emigration: Leaving one country to move to

another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from
England).

 Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the

Pilgrims immigrated to America).
 Population Transfer: When a government
forces a large group of people out of a
region,usually based on ethnicity or religion.
This is also known as an involuntary or forced
migration.

 Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant" or

"imposed" migration): Individuals are not
forced out of their country, but leave because of
unfavorable situations such as warfare, political
problems, or religious persecution.
 Step Migration: A series of shorter, less
extreme migrations from a person's place of
origin to final destination—such as moving from
a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
 Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a
family or defined group of people. A chain
migration often begins with one family member
who sends money to bring other family members
to the new location. Chain migration results in
migration fields—the clustering of people from a
specific region into certain neighborhoods or
small towns.
 Return Migration: The voluntary
movements of immigrants back to their
place of origin. This is also known as
circular migration.
 Seasonal Migration: The process of moving
for a period of time in response to labor or
climate conditions (e.g., farm workers
following crop harvests or working in cities
off-season; "snowbirds" moving to the
southern and southwestern United States
during winter).
Country Contribution Percentage

United States $2 trillion 11 percent

Germany $550 billion 17 percent

United Kingdom $390 billion 14 percent

Australia $330 billion 25 percent

Canada $320 billion 21 percent

 International migration is an integral part of
globalization, which may be characterized as the
widening, deepening and speeding up of
worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of
contemporary social life (Held et al. 1999, 2).
The key indicator of globalization is the rapid
increase in cross-border flows of all sorts: finance,
trade, ideas, pollution, media products and
people.
The most obvious cause of migration is the
disparity in levels of income, employment and
social being between differing areas.
 According to neo-classical economic theory,
the main cause of migration is individuals’ efforts
to maximize their income by moving from low-
wage to high-wage economies (Borjas 1989).
However, Start (1991) argues that migration
cannot simply be explained by income
differences between two countries, but also by
factors such as chances of secure employment,
availability of capital for entrepreneurship activity,
and the need to manage risk over long periods.
 People move for a variety of

reasons. They consider the
advantages and
disadvantages of staying
versus moving, as well as
factors such as distance,
travel costs, travel time,
modes of transportation,
terrain, and cultural barriers.
 Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a
place) because of a difficulty (such as a food
shortage, war, flood, etc.).
 Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a
place) because of something desirable (such as a
nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).
 Place Utility: The desirability of a place based on its
social, economic, or environmental situation, often
used to compare the value of living in different
locations. An individual’s idea of place utility may or
may not reflect the actual conditions of that location.
 Intervening Opportunities: Opportunities
nearby are usually considered more attractive
than equal or slightly better opportunities farther
away, so migrants tend to settle in a location
closer to their point of origin if other factors are
equal.
 Distance Decay: As distance from a given
location increases, understanding of that location
decreases. People are more likely to settle in a
(closer) place about which they have more
knowledge than in a (farther) place about which
they know and understand little.
 Population movements in response to demographic growth,
climate change and economic needs have always been part
of human history.

 From the fifteenth century onwards, European nation-state

formation, colonialism and industrialization led to a rapid
growth in migration.

 Colonialism involved overseas emigration of Europeans as

sailors, soldiers, farmers, traders, priests and administrator.

 Industrialization in Western Europe led to landlessness and

impoverishment which encouraged mas emigration to other
continents.
 In Nazi Germany, the regime recruited enormous numbers
of foreign workers – mainly by force – to replace German
Men conscripted for military service.

 After the Second World War, international migration

expanded in volume and scope. More and more countries
were affected by migration, while immigration countries
received entrants from a broad spectrum of economic, social
and cultural backgrounds.


 Two main phases can be distinguished.
(1) The first lasted from 1945 to 1973:the long
bloom stimulated large-scale labour migration to
Western Europe, North America and Oceania from
less-developed areas. This phase ended around
1973, with the “Oil Crisis”, which triggered a major
recession.
(2) In a second phase from the mid-1970s,
capital investment shifted away from the old
centers and transnational forms of production and
distribution reshaped the world economy.
 Migration may hinder development by
siphoning of qualified personnel (the
‘brain drain’), removing dynamic young
workers and reducing pressures for
social change.

 It often involves a transfer of the most

valuable economic resource – human
capital – from a poor country to a rich
one.
 Both labour-importing and labour-exporting
countries often pursue short term aims. The former
are concerned with obtaining a flexible, low-cost
labour force. The latter are mainly concerned with
generating jobs for an under-utilized workforce and
with getting the maximum possible inflow of worker
remittances (Abella 1995, Tomas 1999).
 Remittances are a key objective: they make a
massive contribution to the national accounts of
many emigration countries and could help to fund
development investments.
 International cooperation could help to
ensure orderly migration and to enhance
the contribution of migration to
development. However, efforts and
outcomes so far have been disappointing.
The main reasons for this are lack of long-
term strategies by both emigration and
immigration countries, and the reluctance of
immigration countries to take steps which
might increase the cost of migrant labour to
employers.
 Major elements of an International
regulatory framework already exist in ILO
Conventions No. 97 and No. 143 of 175, and
in the 1990 United Nations Convention on
the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members
of Families.
 These standards need to be linked together
in a comprehensive framework to regulate
the rights and conditions of migrant
workers.
 In the 1960s, Western European policy-makers
thought that ‘guest-workers’ would not settle
permanently. However, after the Oil Crisis, family
reunion and community formation took place.
 Immigrants often differ from the receiving
populations in may ways: they may come from
different types of societies with different
traditions, religions and political institutions.
They often speak a different language and follow
different cultural practices. They may be visibly
different through physical appearance or style of
dress.
 Culturally distinct settler groups almost always
maintain their languages and some elements of their
homeland cultures, at least for a new generations.
Where governments have recognized permanent
settlement, there has been a tendency to move from
policies of individual assimilation to acceptance of
some degree of cultural difference.
 The result has been granting of minority cultural and
political rights, as embodied in the policies of
pluralism or multi-culturalism introduced in various
forms in North America, Oceania and parts of
Western Europe since the 1970s.
 As a major factor in globalization, migration is one of the
forces eroding the power of the nation-state. One area in
which this is particularly apparent is that of border
control – which is usually seen as a crucial aspect of
nation-state sovereignty.

 Indeed the very fact that large numbers of people have

to go abroad seek a reason-able livelihood exposes the
inability of the state to bring about economic
development, and may lead to a crisis of confidence.
Where the state of the country of origin is unable to
provide effective protection to nationals abroad, this may
lead to a public outcry, as was shown dramatically in the
Philippines in the Flor Contemplacion case in 1995.
 In an increasingly international economy, it is
difficult to open borders for movements of
information, commodities an capital and yet close
them to people. Most states welcome tourists and
students, and favor international labor markets for
highly skilled personnel, yet seek to limit flows of
manual workers, family members and asylum-
seekers. Such distinctions are hard to enforce and
millions of people move irregularly. They are aided
by a transnational ‘migration industry’ consisting of
recruiters, labor brokers, travel agents – working
both legally and illegally.
 Even if 90 percent of the value generated
by migrant workers remains in their host
countries, they have sent billions back to
their home countries (in 2014, their
remittances totaled $580 billion).

 In 2014, India held the highest recorded

remittance ($70 billion), followed by
China ($62 billion), the Philippines ($28
billion), and Mexico ($25 billion)
 Remittances make significant contributions to the
development of small-and-medium term industries
that help generate jobs.
 There remain serious concerns about the economic
sustainability of those reliant on migrant monies. The
Asian Development Bank (ADB) observes that in
countries like the Philippines, remittances “do not
have a significant influence on other key items of
consumption or investment such as spending on
education and health care.
 Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting
“households out of poverty… but not in rebalancing
growth, especially in the long run.”
 The loss of professionals in certain key
roles, such as doctors, has been detrimental
to the migrants’ home countries.
 In 2006, some 15 percent of locally trained
doctors from 21 sub-Saharan African
countries had emigrated to the United
States or Canada; the losses were
particularly steep in Liberia (where 43
percent of doctors left), Ghana (30 percent)
and Uganda (20 percent).
 Governments are aware of this long-term
handicap, but have no choice but to continue
promoting migrant work as part of state policy
because of the remittances’ impact on GDP.
 Government thus actively involved in the
recruitment and deployment o works, some of
them setting up special departments like the
Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training
Bangladesh; the Office of the Protector of
Emigrants within the India Labor Ministry; and
the Philippine Overseas Employment Agency
(POEA).
 The United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation list human trafficking as the
third largest criminal activity worldwide.

 In 20112, the International Labour

Organization (ILO) identified 21 million
men, women, and children as victims of
“forced labor,” an appalling three out
every 1,000 persons worldwide.
 Human Trafficking has been very
profitable, earning syndicates,
smugglers, and corrupt state officials
profits of as high as $150 billion a year in
2014.
 Governments, the private sector, and
civil society groups have worked
together to combat human trafficking, yet
the results remain uneven.
 Migrants from China, India and Western
Europe often have more success, while
those from the Middle East, North Africa
and sub-Saharan Africa face greater
challenges in securing jobs.
 In United States and Singapore, there are
blue-collar as well as white-collar
Filipino workers and it is the
professional, white-collar workers that
have oftentimes been easier to integrate.
 Governments and private businesses have
made policy changes to address integration
problems, like using multiple languages in
state documents (in the case of the United
States, Spanish and English). Training
programs complemented with counseling
have also helped migrant integration in
Hamburg, Germany, while retail merchants
in Barcelona have brought in migrant
shopkeepers to break down language
barriers while introducing Chinese culture
to citizens.
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