Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

National University of Sciences & Technology
Rawalpindi, Pakistan

ME-102
Thermodynamics

Chapter 5 – Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes

Lec Jawad Haider Syed

(Fall, 2019)
 Lecture Outline
• Mass and Volume Flow rates

• Conservation of Mass

• Energy Analysis

• Steady flow devices

 Conservation of Mass
• Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or
destroyed during a process.
• However, mass m and energy E can be converted to each other:
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
• Where c is the speed of light in the vacuum , which is c = 2.9979x108m/s.
• For all energy interactions encountered in practice, with the exception of
nuclear reactions, the change in mass is extremely small.
• For closed systems, the conservation of mass principle is implicitly used by
requiring that the mass of the system remain constant during a process.
• For control volumes, however, mass can cross the boundaries, therefore the
consideration of mass in and out of the control volume must be made
during the calculations.

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
• The amount of mass flowing
through a cross section per unit
time is called the mass flow rate
and is denoted by 𝑚.ሶ
• The differential mass flow rate of
fluid flowing across a small area
element 𝑑𝐴𝑐 :
• The mass flow rate through the
entire cross-sectional area of a pipe
or duct is obtained by integration:

𝑚ሶ = න 𝛿 𝑚ሶ = න 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐
• For the sake of engineering
analysis, it is better to express mass
flow rate in terms of average values
over a cross section.
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
• The average velocity, Vavg, as the average value of streamline velocity,
Vn, across the entire cross section.

1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑉 𝑑𝐴
𝐴𝑐 𝐴 𝑐 𝑛 𝑐
• The mass flow rate through the entire cross-
sectional area of a pipe or duct is obtained by
integration:
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 (𝑘𝑔/𝑠)

• The volume of the fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time is
called the volume flow rate, 𝑉ሶ

𝑉ሶ = න 𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑉𝐴𝑐

𝐴𝑐

• The mass and volume flow rates are related by: 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉ሶ =
𝑉 ሶ
𝑣

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Conservation of Mass Principle
• The conservation of mass principle for a control volume:
• The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time
interval Δ𝑡 is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the
total mass within the control volume during Δ𝑡.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝑽
𝑪𝑽 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝚫𝐭 - 𝑪𝑽 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝚫𝐭 = 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝚫𝐭

𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Δ𝑚𝐶𝑉 (𝑘𝑔)

Where Δ𝑚𝐶𝑉 = 𝑚𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
• It can be expressed in rate form:
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
• Above equations are often referred as mass balance equation and are
applicable to any control volume undergoing any process.
• For the closed system,
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡
=0

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Conservation of Mass Principle
• 𝑑𝑚
In order to demonstrate calculation of 𝐶𝑉 and mass flow rates at
𝑑𝑡
inlet/outlet, consider a control volume of arbitrary shape:

• The mass of a differential volume dV

within the control volume is 𝑑𝑚 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉
• The total mass within the control volume
at any time instant t:

𝑚𝐶𝑉 = න 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝐶𝑉
• The rate of change of mass within the
control volume:
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑑
= න 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
• Now consider mass flow into or out of the control volume through a
differential area dA on the control surface of a fixed control volume.
• Let 𝑛 be the outward unit vector of dA normal to dA and 𝑉 be the flow
velocity at dA relative to a fixed coordinate system
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Conservation of Mass Principle
• In general, velocity may cross dA at an angle
𝜃 off the normal of dA,
• The mass flow rate is proportional to normal
component of velocity,
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃
• A maximum outflow of 𝑉 occurs for 𝜃 = 0
while a maximum inflow occurs for 𝜃 = 180°
• The mass flow rate becomes zero for 𝜃 = 90°
(flow is tangent to 𝑑𝐴).
• Making use of the concept of dot product of two vectors, the magnitude of
the normal component of velocity:
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝑉. 𝑛
• The differential mass flow rate through 𝑑𝐴:
𝛿 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Conservation of Mass Principle
• The net flow rate into or out of the control
volume through the entire control surface:

𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = න 𝛿 𝑚ሶ = න 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆
• The direction of flow is automatically accounted
for, as 𝑉. 𝑛 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 is positive for 𝜃 < 90° (out
flow) and negative for 𝜃 > 90° (inflow).
• A positive value for 𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 indicates net outflow, and a negative value
indicates a net inflow of mass.
• Rearranging 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡
for a control volume as:
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
+ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = + 𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• The general form of the conservation of mass relation for a fixed control
volume can then be written as:
𝑑 𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑑
න 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0 where = ‫𝑉𝑑𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑆
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Conservation of Mass Principle
• The general form of the conservation of mass
relation for a fixed control volume:
𝑑
න 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
• It states that the time rate of change of mass
within the control volume plus the net mass
flow rate through the control surface is equal
to zero.
• Splitting the surface integral into inflow and outflow:

𝑑
න 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + ෍ න 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴 − ෍ න 𝜌𝑉𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐴 𝐴
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
• Using the definition of mass flow rate:
𝑑 𝑑𝒎𝑪𝑽
න 𝜌𝑑𝑉 = ෍ 𝑚ሶ − ෍ 𝑚ሶ or = ෍ 𝑚ሶ − ෍ 𝑚ሶ
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
• During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
𝑑𝑚
control volume does not change with time, 𝐶𝑉 = 0
𝑑𝑡
• The conservation of mass principle for steady flow requires that the total
amount of mass entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass
leaving it.
• The conservation of mass principle for a general steady-flow system with
multiple inlets and outlets
𝑘𝑔
σ𝑖𝑛 𝑚ሶ = σ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚ሶ ( )
𝑠
• It states that the total rate of mass entering a control
volume is equal to the total rate of mass leaving it.
• For single-stream steady-flow systems like turbines,
nozzles, the conservation of mass principle:
𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 → 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2
• For single-stream, steady incompressible (constant)
flow, the conservation of mass principle
𝑉1ሶ = 𝑉ሶ2 → 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal bucket. The
inner diameter of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm at the nozzle
exit. If it takes 50 s to fill the bucket with water, determine

(a) the volume and mass flow rates of water

through the hose, and
(b) The average velocity of water at the
nozzle exit.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.7, 5.8, 5.10-5.17

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
• Unlike closed systems, control volumes involve mass flow across their
boundaries, and some work is required to push the mass into or out of the
control volume.
• This work is known as the flow work, or flow energy, and is necessary for
maintaining a continuous flow through a control volume
• Consider a fluid element of volume V
• The fluid immediately upstream, forces this
fluid element to enter the control volume; thus,
it can be regarded as an imaginary piston.
• If the fluid pressure is P and the cross-sectional
area of the fluid element is A, the force applied
on the fluid element by the imaginary piston is
𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴
• To push the entire fluid element into the control volume, this force must act
through a distance L. Thus, the work done in pushing the fluid element
across the boundary (i.e., the flow work) is 𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐹𝐿 = 𝑃𝐴𝐿 = 𝑃𝑉
• Specific flow work is given by 𝑤𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑃𝑣
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
• The total energy per unit mass, e, of a simple compressible system (closed):
𝑉2 𝑘𝐽
𝑒 = 𝑢 + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑧 ( )
2 𝑘𝑔
• The fluid entering or leaving a control volume possesses an additional form
of energy—the flow energy Pv
• Then total energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass, 𝜃 is:
𝜃 = 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑒 = 𝑃𝑣 + (𝑢 + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒)
• Replacing u+Pv with enthalpy, h, we can write
𝑉2
𝜃 = ℎ + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒 = ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2
• By using the enthalpy instead of the internal energy to represent the energy
of a flowing fluid, one does not need to be concerned about the flow work
or internal energy. Only enthalpy is sufficient to represent fluid energy.
• Amount and rate of total energy transported by mass:
𝑉2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝜃 = 𝑚 ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Steam is leaving a 4-L pressure cooker whose operating pressure is 150
kPa. It is observed that the amount of liquid in the cooker has decreased
by 0.6 L in 40 min after the steady operating conditions are established,
and the cross-sectional area of the exit opening is 8 mm2. Determine

(a) the mass flow rate of the steam and the

exit velocity,
(b) The total and flow energies of the steam
per unit mass, and
(c) the rate at which energy leaves the
cooker by steam.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.22-5.24

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
• A large number of engineering devices such as turbines, compressors, and
nozzles operate for long periods of time under the same conditions once the
transient start-up period is completed and steady operation is established,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
• Steady-flow process: is a process during which a fluid flows through a
control volume steadily.
• During a steady-flow process, no intensive or extensive properties within
the control volume change with time.
• As a result, the boundary work is zero for
steady-flow systems i.e:, 𝑉𝐶𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• The heat and work interactions between a
steady-flow system and its surroundings,
and power output do not change with time.
• In addition, the total mass entering the
system is equal to total mass leaving the
system.
𝑘𝑔
σ𝑖𝑛 𝑚ሶ = σ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚ሶ ( )
𝑠
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
• The mass balance for a single-stream (one-inlet and one-outlet) steady-flow
system:
𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 → 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2
• where 1 and 2 denote the inlet and exit states.
• During the steady flow process, the change in the total energy of the control
volume is zero.
• The energy balance in rate form for the steady-flow process:
𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
ሶ ሶ
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = =0
𝑑𝑡
𝐸ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
• The modes of energy transfer across open
system are heat, work and energy transfer
through mass flow rate:

𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + ෍ 𝑚𝜃
ሶ = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ෍ 𝑚𝜃
ሶ
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems
• Re-writing the energy balance for the steady flow system:

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑄ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑧
2 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
• Rearranging the above equation for single-stream devices:
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ = 𝑚ሶ ℎ2 − ℎ1 + + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2
• The energy balance in specific form:
𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 + + + 𝑔(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2
• When the fluid experiences negligible changes in its kinetic and potential
energies, the energy balance becomes:
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Some Steady-flow Engineering Devices
• Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions for
long periods of time.
• Like the components of a steam power plant (turbines, compressors,
heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop for months
before the system is shut down for maintenance
• Therefore, these devices can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow
devices.
• Now we will be describing some common steady-flow devices with their
thermodynamic analysis
• The conservation of mass and the conservation of energy principles will be
applied to following devices
• Nozzles and Diffusers
• Turbines and Compressors
• Throttling Valves
• Mixing Chambers
• Pipe and Duct flow
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Nozzles and Diffusers
• A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure.
• A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
• The rate of heat transfer between the fluid
flowing through a nozzle or a diffuser and
the surroundings is usually very small
(𝑄ሶ ≈ 0) since the fluid has high velocities.
• Nozzles and diffusers typically involve no
work.
• The change in potential energies are also
negligible during flow through these
devices.
• Fluid experience large changes in the
kinetic energy as it flows through nozzle
or diffuser.
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Nozzles and Diffusers: Example Problems
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300kPa, 200oC, and 30m/s and
leaves at 100kPa and 180m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80cm2.
Determine

(i) the mass flow rate through the nozzle,

(ii) the exit temperature of the air,
(iii) the exit area of the nozzle.

Air at 80kPa and 127oC enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of

6000kg/h and leaves at 100kPa. The velocity of the air stream is
decreased from 230m/s to 30m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Find

(i) the exit temperature of the air,

(ii) the exit area of the diffuser.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.32, 5.34, 5.40, 5.43, 5.44

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Turbines and Compressors
• A turbine is the device used to generate electricity in steam/gas power plants.
• As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades, which in
turn drive the shaft connected to generator.
• Compressors, pumps and fans are devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
• Work is supplied to these devices from an external source through a rotating
shaft.
• Difference between fan, compressor and pump?
• A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
gas.
• A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
• Pumps are employed to increase the pressure of liquid.
• The heat transfer from turbines and compressors are usually negligible as they are
well insulated.
• The change in potential energies are also negligible during flow through these
devices..
• The change in kinetic energy for these devices, except for fans, is negligible as
compared to change in enthalpy.
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Turbines and Compressors: Examples
Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions
of the steam are 10MPa, 450oC, and 80m/s, and the exit conditions are
10kPa, 92 percent quality, and 50m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is
12kg/s. Determine
(i) the change in kinetic energy per unit mass,
(ii) the power output,
(iii) the turbine inlet area.

Carbon dioxide enters an adiabatic compressor at 100kPa and 300K at a

rate of 0.5kg/s and leaves at 600kPa and 450K. Neglecting kinetic energy
changes, determine

(i) the volume flow rate of the carbon dioxide at the compressor inlet,
(ii) the power input to the compressor.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.53, 5.54, 5.56, 5.57, 5.60

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Throttling Valve
• Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid, without involving any work.
• The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied
by a large drop in temperature, making these devices
useful in in refrigeration and air-conditioning
applications.
• The flow through throttling valve generally involve
negligible heat transfer and no work done.
• Changes in kinetic and potential energies are also
taken negligible.

• The energy balance for single stream steady-flow throttling valve device becomes:
𝑞 − 𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 ⇒ ℎ2 ≅ ℎ1
• The enthalpy values at the inlet and exit of a throttling valve are the same.
• The above equation can be written as:
𝑢1 + 𝑃1 𝑣1 = 𝑢2 + 𝑃2 𝑣2 or 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• The change in the product of pressure and specific volume occurs at the expense of
temperature.
Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Throttling Valve: Example
Refrigerant-134a at 800kPa and 25oC is throttled to a temperature of -20oC.
Determine the pressure and the internal energy of the refrigerant at the
final state.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.66, 5.68, 5.71

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol
 Mixing Chambers
• Mixing chambers are the devices to mix two streams of fluid.
• Example includes an ordinary T-elbow in a shower
• The conservation of mass principle for a mixing
chamber requires that the sum of the incoming mass
flow rates equal the mass flow rate of the outgoing
mixture.
• Mixing chambers are usually well insulated(q = 0).
• Mixing chambers do not involve any kind of work
(w = 0).
• Also , the change in kinetic and potential energies of
the fluid streams are usually negligible.
• Therefore, the conservation of energy principle
requires that the total energies of the incoming
streams is equal to the energies of the outgoing
mixture.

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Mixing Chambers: Example
In steam power plants, open feedwater heaters are frequently utilized to
heat the feedwater by mixing it with steam bled off
the turbine at some intermediate stage. Consider an open feedwater
heater that operates at a pressure of 1000kPa. Feedwater at 50oC and
1000kPa is to be heated with superheated steam at 200oC and 1000kPa. In
an ideal feedwater heater, the mixture leaves the heater as saturated
liquid at the feedwater pressure. Determine

the ratio of the mass flow rates of

the feedwater and the superheated
vapor for this case.

Mass & Energy Analysis of Control Vol

 Mixing Chambers: Example
Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20kPa and a quality
of 95 percent with a mass flow rate of 20,000kg/h. It is to be cooled by
water from a nearby river by circulating the water through the tubes
within the condenser. To prevent thermal pollution, the river water is not
allowed to experience a temperature rise above 10oC. If the steam is to
leave the condenser as saturated liquid at 20kPa, determine

the mass flow rate of the cooling water

required.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.76, 5.79, 5.81,

5.83, 5.86, 5.88, 5.91, 5.93, 5.96
 Pipe and Duct Flow
• The transport of liquids or gases in pipes and ducts is of great importance in
many engineering applications.
• Flow through a pipe or a duct usually can be analyzed as a steady-flow process.
• Under normal operating conditions, the amount of heat gained or lost by the
fluid may be very significant, particularly if the pipe or duct is long.
• Sometimes heat transfer is desirable and is the sole purpose of the flow.
• At other times, heat transfer is undesirable, and the pipes or ducts are insulated
to prevent any heat loss or gain.
• Also, the change in kinetic and potential energies of the fluid streams are
usually negligible.
• If the control volume involves a heating
section (electric wires), a fan, or a pump
(shaft), the work interactions should be
considered.
 Pipe and Duct Flow: Examples
A desktop computer is to be cooled by a fan. The electronic components
of the computer consume 60W of power under full-load conditions. The
computer is to operate in environments at temperatures up to 45oC and
at an elevation where the average atmospheric pressure is 66.63kPa. The
exit temperature of air is not to exceed 60oC and the average velocity of
air is not to exceed 110m/min at the exit of the computer case where the
fan is installed to keep the noise level down. Determine
The flow rate of the fan that needs to be installed and the diameter of the
casing of the fan.
 Pipe and Duct Flow: Examples
A house has an electric heating system that consists of a 300W fan and
an electric resistance heating element placed in a duct. Air flows steadily
through the duct at a rate of 0.6kg/s and experiences a temperature rise
of 7oC. The rate of heat loss from the air in the duct is estimated to be
300W. Determine

the power rating of the electric resistance heating element.

Steam enters a long, horizontal pipe with an inlet diameter of 𝑫𝟏 =

𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 at 1MPa and 300oC with a velocity of 2m/s. Farther downstream,
the conditions are 800kPa and 250oC, and the diameter is 𝑫𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎.
Determine
(i) the mass flow rate of the steam and
(ii) the rate of heat transfer.

Homework Practice Problems: 5.101, 5.103, 5.109, 5.112, 5.114, 5.116, 5.120