CRITICAL THINKING

By
Fajri Syamsirani (1505086018)
Wiwik Sri Lestari (1505086014)
 INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS

According to Prof. Dr. H. Rahmat Soe’oed, MA . There are 8 intellectuals

standards

1. Clarity;
2. Accuracy;
3. Precision;
4. Relevance;
5. Consistency;
6. Logical Correctness;
7. Completeness;
8. Fairness;
 CLARITY
Understandable
Clarity is a ‘gateway’ standard. If a statement is unclear, we cannot
determine whether it is accurate or relevant

What should we do is avoiding miscommunication or misunderstanding

The questions which can bring you to CLARITY:

• Could you elaborate further?
• Could you give me an example?
• Could you illustrate what you mean?
etc
 ACCURACY
A statement can be clear but not accurate

free from ERRORS, MISTAKES or DISTORTIONS

True OR correct ------

Thinking is always more or less accurate. It is useful to assume that we
have not fully assessed it except to the extent that we have checked to
determine whether it represents things as they really are.

Questions that focus on accuracy in thinking include:

• How could we check that to see if it is true?
• How could we verify these alleged facts?
• Can we trust the accuracy of these data given the source from which
they come?
 PRECISION
A statement can be both clear and accurate, but not precise

exact to the necessary level of detail, specific.

Thinking is always more or less precise. We can probably assume we do

not fully understand it except to the extent that we can specify it in
detail.

Questions that focus on precision in thinking include:

• Could you give me more details about that?
• Could you be more specific?
• Could you specify your allegations more fully?
 RELEVANCE
implies a close logical relationship with, and importance to, the matter under
consideration.

A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise, but not relevant to the
question at issue

Thinking is always capable of straying from the task, question, problem, or

issue under consideration. It is useful to assume we have not fully assessed
thinking except to the extent that we have considered all issues, concepts, and
information relevant to it.

Questions that focus on relevance in thinking include:

• How does that relate to the problem?
• How does that bear on the question?
• How does that help us with the issue?
 CONSISTENCY
”the quality of always behaving or performing in a similar way, or of
always happening in a similar way” (dictionary.cambridge.org)

Beliefe or mind = action or behavior

2 kinds of inconsistency:
1. Logical Inconsistency;  believe and tell something contradictive
2. Practical Inconsistency.  incompatibility between statement and action
 LOGICAL CORRECTNESS

engage the correct reason from what we believe in a given instance to

the conclusions that follow from those beliefs

in critical thinking, we need a reason and a proper and reasoned belief.

but unfortunately, in our daily lives, we often find ideas that are not
logically be used as a reason to justify an action
 COMPLETENESS

A Statement can be clear, accurate, precise, and relevant, but superficial

THINKING IS BETTER WHEN IT IS DEEP RATHER THAN SHALLOW; THOROUGH

THAN SUPERFICIAL.

To be Complete means to be "thorough, detailed, encompassing.

 FAIRNESS

Open-minded, impartial, free of distorting biases and preconceptions.

in everyday life, the way we see and interpret the reality of life is often shaped by life
experiences and backgrounds of each of our lives. as a result, what and how someone
was always measured by our own experience and thought.

And IT IS NOT FAIR