INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra

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INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
0. Review of Algebra
1. Applications and More Algebra
2. Functions and Graphs
3. Lines, Parabolas, and Systems
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
5. Mathematics of Finance
6. Matrix Algebra
7. Linear Programming
8. Introduction to Probability and Statistics

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INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
9. Additional Topics in Probability
10. Limits and Continuity
11. Differentiation
12. Additional Differentiation Topics
13. Curve Sketching
14. Integration
15. Methods and Applications of Integration
16. Continuous Random Variables
17. Multivariable Calculus

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

Chapter Objectives
• Concept of a matrix.
• Special types of matrices.
• Matrix addition and scalar multiplication operations.
• Express a system as a single matrix equation using
matrix multiplication.
• Matrix reduction to solve a linear system.
• Theory of homogeneous systems.
• Inverse matrix.
• Use a matrix to analyze the production of sectors of an
economy.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

Chapter Outline
6.1) Matrices
6.2) Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
6.3) Matrix Multiplication
6.4) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
6.5) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
(continued)
6.6) Inverses
6.7) Leontief’s Input—Output Analysis

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.1 Matrices
• A matrix consisting of m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns is called an m×n matrix or a
matrix of size m×n.
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a ... a2 n 
 21 a22
 . . ... . 
 
 . . ... . 
 . . ... . 
 
am1 am 2 ... amn 
• For the entry aij, we call i the row subscript and j
the column subscript.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices

Example 1 – Size of a Matrix

a. The matrix 1 2 0has size 1 3 .
 1  6
b. The matrix 5 1  has size 3 2 .
9 4 
c. The matrix 7 has size 1 1 .
1 3 7  2 4
d. The matrix 9 11 5 6 8 has size3 5 .
 
6  2  1 1 1

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices

Equality of Matrices
• Matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij] are equal if they
have the same size and aij = bij for each i and j.

Transpose of a Matrix
• A transpose matrix is denoted by AT.
Example 3 – Constructing Matrices
If A   1 2 3 , find AT .
4 5 6
 1 4
Solution: AT  2 5 
3 6
Observe that AT 
T
 A.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Matrix Addition
• Sum A + B is the m × n matrix obtained by adding
corresponding entries of A and B.

Example 1 – Matrix Addition

a. 1 2  7  2 1  7 2  2  8 0
3 4   6 4   3  6 4  4   3 8
       
5 6  3 0  5  3 6  0  8 6

1 2 2
b. 3 4  1 is impossible as matrices are not of the same
   
size.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Example 3 – Demand Vectors for an Economy

Demand for the consumers is
D1  3 2 5 D2  0 17 1 D3  4 6 12
For the industries is
DC  0 1 4 DE  20 0 8 DS  30 5 0
What is the total demand for consumers and the
industries?
Solution:
D1  D2  D3  3 2 5  0 17 1  4 6 12  7 25 18
DC  DE  DS  0 1 4  20 0 8  30 5 0  50 6 12
Total: 7 25 18  50 6 12  57 31 30

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Scalar Multiplication
• Properties of Scalar Multiplication:

Subtraction of Matrices
• Property of subtraction is  A  1A

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Example 5 – Matrix Subtraction

a.  2 6   6  2  2  6 6  2   4 8 
 4 1   4 1    4  4 1  1     8 0 
       
 3 2 0 3   3  0 2  3  3  1

6 2  6  6  0
b. AT  2B  
8
    
0  1  2 4    2  5 

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 Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.3 Matrix Multiplication

• AB is the m× p matrix C whose entry cij is given by
n
c ij   aik bkj  ai 1b1 j ai 2b2 j  ...  ain bnj
k 1

Example 1 – Sizes of Matrices and Their Product

A = 3 × 5 matrix
B = 5 × 3 matrix
AB = 3 × 3 matrix but BA = 5 × 5 matrix.

C = 3 × 5 matrix
D = 7 × 3 matrix
CD = undefined but DC = 7 × 5 matrix.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 3 – Matrix Products

 4
a. 1 2 35  32
6

1 1 6 
21 6  2 12
b.    
3 3 18

 1 3 0  1 0 2    5  3 11
 2 2 1   2  1 3    4  1 0 
c.     
 1 0  4  2 1  2  7  4 10

d. a11 a12  b11 b12   a11b11  a12 b21 a11b12  a12 b22 
a  b  a b  a b  
 21 22   21 22   21 11
a b 22 21 a b
21 12 a22 22 
b
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 5 – Cost Vector

Given the price and the quantities, calculate the total
cost.  7  units of A
P  2 3 4 Q   5  units of B
11 units of C
Solution:
The cost vector is
7
PQ  2 3 4 5   73
11

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 7 – Associative Property

 1 0
 1  2 3 0  1
If A  B  C  0 2
  3  4 1 1 2  1 1

compute ABC in two ways.

Solution 1: Solution 2:  1 0
  1 0   1  2 3 0 1  

ABC   
1  2 
  3 0 1 
 1 1 2 0 2 
 
AB C        0 2
 
  3  4     1 1    3  4 1 1 2  1 1
    
 1  2 2  1  4  9  1 0
  3 4    6 19   1  2  5    4  9
  3  4       0 2   6 19 
  5 4 11  1 1  
 
Note that A(BC) = (AB)C.

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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 9 – Raw Materials and Cost

Find QRC when 2500 
5 20 16 7 17 1200 
 
Q  5 7 12 R  7 18 12 9 21 C   800 
 
6 25 8 5 13  150 
1500 
Solution:
2500
 
5 20 16 7 17 1200  75850
RC  7 18 12 9 21  800   81550
 
6 25 8 5 13  150  71650
1500 

75850
QRC  QRC   5 7 1281550  1,809,900
71650
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 11 – Matrix Operations Involving I and O

3 2  52  51   1 0 0 0
If A  B 1 3 
I  O 
 1 4  10 10  0 1 0 0

compute each of the following.

Solution:
1 0 3 2  2  2
a. I  A       
0 1 1 4   1  3
 3 2  1 0   3 2 2 0  3 6
b. 3A  2I   3    2   
  3
    
 3 6
 1 4  0 1  1 4   0 2  
3 2 0 0
c. AO      O
1 4 0 0
3 2  52  51  1 0
d. AB     1 3 
  I
 1 4   10 10  0 1
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication

Example 13 – Matrix Form of a System Using Matrix Multiplication

2x  5 x2  4
Write the system  1
8 x1  3 x2  7
in matrix form by using matrix multiplication.

Solution:
2 5  x1   4
If A    X   B 
8 3  x2  7

then the single matrix equation is

AX  B
2 5  x1  4
8 3  x   7 
  2   
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra

6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices

Elementary Row Operations
1. Interchanging two rows of a matrix
2. Multiplying a row of a matrix by a nonzero number
3. Adding a multiple of one row of a matrix to a
different row of that matrix

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Exercise
A company produces three product, each of which must
be processed through three different departments. Table
1 summarizes the hours required per unit of each
products in each department. In addition, the weekly
capacities are stated for each department in terms of
work-hours available. What is desired is to determine
whether there are any combinations of three products
which would exhaust the weekly capacities of the three
departments.
Table 1
Department Products Hours Available per Week
A 2 3.5 3 1,200
B 3 2.5 2 1,150
C 4 3 2 1,400

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