Cells & Cell Organelles

Doing Life’s Work

2009-2010
Try to guess the sentence behind
the pictures.

Cells make up all the living things.

Robert Hooke is the first man who discovered cell.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Cells are the building blocks of life.
CELL THEORY
Cytology

-science that deals with the

study of cells and its functions
and process

-science that deals with the

study of tissues
TWO TYPES OF CELL
LET’s have a trip

TRIPTO CELL
FASTEN YOUR SEATBELT!
 bacteria
Types of cells cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles

Eukaryotes
- organelles

animal cells plant cells

Cell size comparison

Animal cell most bacteria

Bacterial cell  1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns

 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter

 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
 bodies are made up of cells
 cells do all the work of life!
 The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…
 “breathe”
 gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out
 eat
 take in & digest food
 make energy
 ATP
ATP
 build molecules
 proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids
 remove wastes
 control internal conditions
 homeostasis
 respond to external environment
 build more cells
 growth, repair, reproduction & development
 The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs
 make energy
ATP  need energy for all activities Our organelles
do all these
 needto clean up waste produced jobs!
while making energy
 make proteins
 proteins
do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them
 make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
1. Cells need power!
 Making energy
 to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
 take in food & digest it
 take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
 make ATP
 remove waste
 organelles that do this work…
 cell membrane
 lysosomes

 vacuoles & vesicles

 mitochondria
Cell membrane phosphate
“head”
 Function
 separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell
lipid “tail”
 O2 , CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
 recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure
 double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer
 receptor molecules
 proteins that
receive signals
Vacuoles & vesicles
 Function
 moving material
around cell
 storage
 Structure
small food
particle  membrane sac

vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes

vesicle

vesicle filled w/
digested nutrients
 Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole

animal cells

contractile
vacuole
  Function
Lysosomes  digest food
 used to make energy
 clean up & recycle
 digest broken organelles
 Structure
 membrane sac of
lysosomes
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
vacuole
small food
particle

digesting food
 Mitochondria
 Function
 make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
ATP
 Structure
 double membrane

in both animal &

plant cells
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria
 make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
ATP
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts
 make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
sugar
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
ATP
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy
 build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
Mitochondria are in both
cells!!
animal cells plant cells

mitochondria
chloroplast
2. Cells need workers =
proteins!
 Making proteins
 to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
 read genes (DNA)
 build proteins
 structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
 enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
 signals (hormones) & receptors
 organelles that do this work…
 nucleus
 ribosomes
 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…

proteins do all the work!

structural

enzymes

signals

receptors

DNA proteins cells

Nucleus
 Function
 control center of cell
 protects DNA
 instructions for building proteins
 Structure
 nuclear membrane
 nucleolus
 ribosome factory
 chromosomes
 DNA
Ribosomes
 Function
 protein factories
 read instructions to build proteins from
DNA
 Structure
 some free in cytoplasm
Ribosomes on ER
 some attached to ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function
 works on proteins
 helpscomplete the
proteins after ribosome builds
them
 makes membranes
 Structure
 rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins
 smooth ER
 makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus
 Function
 finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department
 ships proteins in vesicles
vesicles
 “UPS trucks” carrying proteins
 Structure
 membrane sacs

transport vesicles
 nucleus endoplasmic
reticulum
protein
DNA on its way! TO:

RNA vesicle TO:

TO:

vesicle
ribosomes

TO:

protein finished
protein

Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
 nucleolus
make ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus processes proteins
control cell makes membranes
protects DNA
ribosomes
cytoplasm make proteins
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
Golgi apparatus
storage: food,
finish & ship
water or waste
proteins
mitochondria cell wall
make ATP in support
cellular respiration

cell membrane chloroplast

cell boundary make ATP & sugars in
controls movement photosynthesis
of materials in & out lysosome
recognizes signals digestion & clean up
3. Cells need to make more cells!
 Making more cells
 toreplace, repair & grow,
the cell must…
 copytheir DNA
 make extra organelles

 divide the new DNA & new

organelles between 2 new
“daughter” cells
 organelles that do this work…
 nucleus
 centrioles
Centrioles
 Function
 help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells

 Structure
 one pair in each cell
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding lysosome
organelles in place food digestion
garbage disposal &
vacuole & vesicles recycling
nucleus
transport inside cells protects DNA
storage controls cell

centrioles
cell division

mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
ribosomes
builds proteins
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
ER & ships proteins
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
 Extracellular components
i. in plants – cell walls;
plasmodesma(ta)
ii. in animals – extracellular matrix
(ECM)
iii. cell junctions – tight junction;
desmosome; gap junction
Desmosome
 Found only as an intercellular
junction in animal cells
A structure by which two
adjacent cells are attached,
formed from protein plaques in
the cell membranes linked by
filaments
Gap junctions
 Provide cytoplasmic
channels from one cell to
another
 Specialized intercellular
connection between a
multitude of animal cell
types
OTHERS
Peroxisomes
 Found only in eukaryotes
A small organelle that is
present in the cytoplasm of
many cells and that contains
the reducing enzyme catalase
and usually some oxidases.
 Lysosome vs Peroxisomes
 Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown
macro
molecules.
 Lysosomes from GA AND peroxisomes from ER
 Lysosome functions:  Peroxisomes functions:
 Catalyze hydrolysis  Catalyzing redox
reactions reactions
 Breaks down old cell  Breaks down toxic
parts molecules
 Digests invaders  Contains catalase and
oxidases
The cytoskeleton and
some related structures

i. microfilaments;
intermediate filaments;
microtubules
ii. centrioles
iii. cilia and flagella
 Microfilament
 Also called actin
filaments
 Filaments in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic
cells that form part of
the cytoskeleton.
 They are primarily
composed of polymers of
actin, but in cells are
modifies by interact with
numerous other proteins
Intermediate filaments
 Are cytoskeletal components
found in cells of vertebrate
animal species, in other
animals, fungi, plants and
unicellular organisms

Microtubules
 Microscopic tabular
structure present in
numbers in the cytoplasm
of cells, sometimes
aggregating to form
complex structures.
Parts of a typical bacterial cell
Found commonly in all bacteria: cell membrane; cell wall;
ribosome; nucleoid; mesosome; pili; fimbriae; flagella;
capsule; cytosol
Common structures in plant and
animal cell
• nucleus (with nucleolus)
• rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
• smooth ER
• Golgi complex
• lysosomes
• ribosomes
• micro bodies
• mitochondria
 Unique structures in plant
and animal cells

• found in plants only –

chloroplast; cell wall;
large vacuole
 found in animal cells
only – centrioles and cilia
EVALUATION!
A simple analysis of “odd one out”.
Identify the structure which does
not belong to the group.
1. capsule; flagella; pili; nucleoid; desmosome;
2. cell membrane; DNA; ribosome; peroxisome;
cytosol
3. cell wall; plasmodesmata; huge vacuole;
chloroplast; ribosome
4. lysosomes; nucleus; mitochondria;
chloroplast
5. cilia; flagella; centrioles; ER; microtubules
Match: Choose an answer from the
choices before each numbered
item
A. ribosomes B. pili C. peroxisomes
D. chromoplasts E. gap junctions
6. contain oxidases and catalases
7. provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell
to another
8. sites of protein synthesis
9. plastids containing pigments other than
chlorophyll
10.allow bacteria to exchange DNA during
conjugation