Life Cycle of Plasmodium sp.

(Human malaria)

(5-15 days)

(2000 - >30,000
merozoite )

(7-30days)
Life cycle of malaria Parasite

2
Definasi Kes Malaria

• Individu/pesakit dengan slide BFMP positif

parasite malaria (trophozoites, gametocytes)

• Kes symptomatic atau asymptomatic

• Parasite count, parasitemia (eg. 1020T, 350G)

- Asexual stage: trophozoite (T)
- Sexual stage: gametocyte (G)

3
Mekanisma/Cara jangkitan:

i. Vector-borne malaria
- Melalui gigitan nyamuk
anopheles betina yang infektif;

ii. Induced malaria

- pemindahan darah (blood
transfusion) atau daripada ibu kepada
bayi (congenital)

4
Klasifikasi Kes Malaria - punca jangkitan:

i. Jangkitan/transmisi tempatan (local

transmission - di dalam negara):
- indigenous
- introduced
- relapsed
- induced; blood transfusion / congenital

ii. Jangkitan/transmisi daripada luar negara:

- imported

5
Species jangkitan:

i. Single (1) spesies;

- Plasmodium falciparum (human malaria)
- Plasmodium vivax (human malaria)
- Plasmodium malariae (human malaria)
- Plasmodium ovale (human malaria)
- Plasmodium knowlesi (monkey malaria)

ii. Multiple (>1) species;

- Mixed species/superinfection
(eg. P. falciparum + P. vivax)

6
 4 species of human
TRANSMISSION CYCLE malaria parasites:

(Human malaria) i. Plasmodium falciparum

ii. Plasmodium vivax
iii. Plasmodium malariae
iv. Plasmodium ovale
TRANSMISSION CYCLE
(Simian Malaria/Zoonoses)
CONFIRMED

??
CONFIRMED

Plasmodium knowlesi
Modelling knowlesi
malaria transmission
in humans: vector
preference and host
competence
 An. donaldi

An. letifer
An. balabacensis
450C

An. sundaicus
An. latens
(An. leucospyrus)

…An. latens (confirm vector

of P.knowlesi)
10
11
Incubation period
The time from the initial malaria infection until
symptoms appear:

P. falciparum (range: 9 to 14 days)

P. vivax (range: 12 to 18 days)
P. ovale (range: 12 to 18 days)
P. malariae (range: 18 to 40 days)
P. knowlesi (range 9 to 12 days)

12
 Sporogonic cycle & Gonothropic cycle
Vector control (IVM approach):
IRS/ITNs/Space Spraying
Non-infective Infected Infective
female female mosquito (if
mosquito mosquito not kills)

[Ingat! Nyamuk betina hanya perlu

mengawan sekali sahaja dalam hidup]

Menghisap darah setiap selang 3-4 days (gonothropic cycle)

Day 1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Sporogonic cycle = 7-30 days (the period require to become infective)

Nyamuk anopheles betina selepas menghisap darah pesakit malaria, akan

menjadi infektif dalam masa 7-30 hari (sporogonic cycle) TETAPI sepanjang
tempoh tersebut, nyamuk betina tersebut akan menghisap darah berulang kali,
iaitu setiap selang 3-4 hari (gonothropic cycle).

13
Sekian,
Terima kasih.

14