C

CEEM
MEENN
T
STABILIZ
T
ATION
Prepared by:

BOLARIO, Renzo
DUMO, Cielo Angeline
EDUCALANE, Regina
MIDEL, Joshua
RAMOS, Jan Henrick
VALENCIA, John Dalton
 s tCEMENT
CEMENT
abiliza
tion - Cement is one of the most
popular soil stabilizers because
it is readily available and
generally can be applied to a
wide range of materials. It is
considered to have advanced2
properties. The unit price of
cement varies greatly
depending on the
distribution network and the
proximity of the cement
manufacturing plant but in
http://www.civilology.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Cement-on-Trowel.jpg many parts of the world is one
of the cheapest binders
 WHAT IS STABILIZATION
WITH CEMENT?
Stabilization protects human health and
the environment by immobilizing hazardous
contaminants within the treated material.
The cement chemically reacts with water in
the material being treated, creating
changes in its physical and chemical
properties.
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NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
The type of soil
available on site
dictates the building
system
The building system,
having been
predetermined, dictates
the use of a particular
type of soil.
4
 ADVANTAGES OF
CEMENT
STABILIZATION
While several reagents can be used for CSB, Portland cement
has advantages that make it more economical and easy to use
than others:
cement is manufactured under strict ASTM standards, ensuring
uniformity of quality and performance
cement’s success in CSB is supported by more than 50 years of
use on a variety of projects
cement has a long-term performance record
using cement can minimize volume increase compared w/ other
reagents
cement is a non-proprietary manufactured product, readily
available across the country in bag or bulk quantities.
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 STRENGTH
FORREQUIREMENTS
STABILIZATION
The criteria for cement percentage required for stabilization
shall be as follows. The following methodology shall be used
for quality control and soil-cement stabilization.
Perform the mechanical and physical property tests of the soils.

AASHTO CLASSIFICATION USUAL CEMENT RANGES FOR

STABILIZATION
(% BY DRY WEIGHT OF SOIL)
A-1-a 3 –
A-1- 5
5–8
A-2
b 5–9
A-3 7 –
6 10
 CEMENT STABILIZATION
PROCESS
CEMENT STABILIZATION
PROCESS
EXCAVATION
CEMENT
SPREADING
MIXING
SEALING
MATURATION
COMPACTION
CURING (7
DAYS)
 of
SOIL CEMENT
CEMENT MODIFIED SOILS /
CEMENT STABILIZED SUB GRADES
11
S
STTA
ABB II LL II Z
ZAAT
T II O
ONN
CEMENT TREATED BASE
22

FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION

33

VIRGIN SOIL

44

8
 CEMENT
MODIFIED
CEMENT
SOILSSOILS
MODIFIED

- A mixture of pulverized soil,

water and small proportion of
Portland cement resulting in an 9
unbound or slightly bound
material, similar to a soil, but
with improved engineering
properties
 CEMENT
CEMENT
STABILIZED SUB
STABILIZED SUB
GRADES
GRADES

- An engineered mixture of
pulverized in-situ soil, water and
moderate proportion of Portland1
cement, resulting in a semi0
bound to bound material,
with engineering properties
similar to a granular material.
 CEMENT
CEMENT TREATED
TREATED
BASEBASE

- Fully bound engineered

mixture of soil or aggregate,
water and sufficient Portland1
cement to meet the project1
specified minimum durability
and strength requirements.
 FULL
FULL DEPTH
DEPTH
RECLAMATION
RECLAMATION

- FDR rebuilds worn out

pavements by recycling the
existing roadway in-situ. The1
old pavement section and base2
materials are pulverized, mixed
with cement and water,
compacted to produce a strong,
durable base for a new
pavement surface.
INFLUENCE OF MIXING
TIME

13
INFLUENCE OF RETENTION
TIME

14
INFLUENCE OF CURING
CONDITIONS

15
 F
FLY-
LY-
AAS
SH
STABILIZ
H
ATION
Prepared by:

BOLARIO, Renzo
DUMO, Cielo Angeline
EDUCALANE, Regina
MIDEL, Joshua
RAMOS, John Henrick
VALENCIA, John Dalton
 WHAT IS FLY-ASH
STABILIZATION?
Fly-ash stabilization is used to modify the
engineering properties of locally available
materials and produce a structurally sound
construction base.
Fly-ash is a pozzolanic in nature and can
react with hydrated lime to produce
cementitious products. With that, lime-fly-
ash-mixtures can be used to stabilize
highway bases and sub 17
bases.
 CEMENTITIOUS
CHARACTERISTICS
CEMENTITIOUS OF THE
FLY-ASH OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS
TO ENHANCE
FLY-ASHSTRENGTH
Class C fly-ash and
Class PROPERTIES
STABILIZE
F-lime product EMBANKMENTS
blends can be used TO CONTROL SHRINK
in numerous SWELL PROPERTIES
DRYING AGENT TO
geotechnical
REDUCE SOIL
applications
MOISTURE CONTENTS
common with
The self-cementitious behavior of fly-ashes is
determined by ASTM D 5239. This test
provides a standard method for determining
the compressive strength of cubes made with
fly-ash and water (water/fly-ash weight ratio is
0.35), tested at seven days with standard
moist curing. The self-cementitious
characteristics are ranked as
Very self-cementing shown (3,400kPa)
>500psi below:
Moderately self-cementing 100-500psi
(700-3400kPa)
Non self-cementing <100psi (700kPa)
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 WHAT IS SELF-CEMENTING FLY
ASH AND NON-SELF-
NON-SELF-
SELF-CEMENTING FLY CEMENTING FLY ASH
CEMENTING can
ASH is a Class C coal
FLY ASH?
be used to
fly-ash material produce a
because of the (pozzolanic-
presence of calcium stabilized mixture)
oxide (CaO) in road base. The
concentrations mixture developed
typically ranging must possess
from 20 to 30 adequate strength
percent. 20 and durability for its
 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
OSN
NO I L
Fly-ash
S O ISLT R SETR
NE GNTG
HTH
improve
The primary reason fly-ash is used in soil
stabilization applications is to improve the
compressive and shearing strength of soils.
The compressive strength of fly-ash treated
soils is dependent on:
In-place soil properties
Delay time
Moisture content at time of
Fly-ash addition ratio
compaction
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 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
OSN
NO I L
Fly-ash
S O ISLT R SETR
NE GNTG
HTH
improve
In-place soil properties
The plasticity of soils treated with Class C or
other high-calcium fly ash is influenced by the
types of clay minerals present in the soil and
their adsorbed water. Soils containing more
than 10 percent sulfates have been prone to
swell excessively in some applications. Also,
organic soils are difficult to stabilize using fly-
ash. 22
 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
OSN
NO I L
Fly-ash
S O ISLT R SETR
NE GNTG
HTH
improve
Delay time
Delay time is the elapsed time measured
between when the fly ash first comes into
contact with water and final compaction of the
soil, fly ash and water mixture. Compressive
strength is highly dependent upon delay time.

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 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
OSN
NO I L
Fly-ash
S O ISLT R SETR
NE GNTG
HTH
improve
Moisture content at time of
compaction
The moisture content of the fly-ash stabilized
soil mixture affects the strength. The
maximum strength realized in soil-fly ash
mixtures generally occurs at moisture contents
below optimum moisture content for density.

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 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
OSN
NO I L
Fly-ash
S O ISLT R SETR
NE GNTG
HTH
improve
Fly ash addition ratio
Typically fly ash addition rates are 8 percent to
16 percent based on dry weight of soil. The
addition rate depends on the nature of the
soil, the characteristics of the fly ash and the
strength desired. The addition rate must be
determined by laboratory mi design testing. In
general the higher the addition rate the higher
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 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
ONN
Fly-ash
SSH
HR R II N
NKK S
SWWE
E LL LL
control
Fly ash reduces the potential of a plastic soil
to undergo volumetric expansion by a physical
cementing mechanism, which cannot be
evaluated by the plasticity index.
The swell potential of fly ash treated soils is
typically less than 0.5 percent under confining
pressures of 48 kPa (100 psf) even when
compacted two to four percent below optimum
moisture content for maximum density.
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 StT
S TA
oAB
B II LL II Z
ZAATT II O
ONN
Fly-ash
SSH
HR R II N
NKK S
SWWE
E LL LL
control
Fly ash controls shrink-swell by cementing the
soil grains together much like a Portland
cement bonds aggregates together to make
concrete. By bonding the soil grains together,
soil particle movements are restricted. Typical
addition rates based on dry weight of soil are
12 to 15 percent

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 SOIL MODIFICATION TO
REDUCE WATER CONTENT
Class C fly ash and other high lime fly ash
have been found to be very effective drying
agents, capable of reducing soil moisture
content by 30 percent or more.

The fly ash dries the soil by two basic

mechanisms, chemical reactions that
consume moisture in the soil and by simple
dilution.
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 SOIL MODIFICATION TO
Class C fly ashes contain tricalcium
REDUCE WATER CONTENT
aluminate (C3A), which is highly reactive
with water. C3A is the chemical compound
present in ordinary Portland cement which is
responsible for early strength. The C3A
present in fly ash reacts with the water,
lowering the overall moisture content of the
soil.

The drying effect of fly ash in wet soil is very

rapid and immediate, permitting the
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IN ADDITION TO THE SPEEDING UP OF THE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS, THE USE OF FLY ASH
PROVIDES SEVERAL OTHER BENEFITS, SUCH
AS: Making the soil more
resistant to additional
water infiltration
Provides additional
support for traffic
Creates a more stable
work platform
Reduces dusting from
construction traffic.
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