Fluid and Electrolytes,

Balance and Disturbances

By:
Ms. katherina
Mechanism for fluid and
electrolyte movement

osmosis filtration

diffusion

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osmosis

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diffusion

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diffusion

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filtration

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Fluid and electrolyte
balances

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cations

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 sodium potassium

calcium magnesium

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Electrolytes are measured
milliequivalent per litre
of water
(mEq / L)
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 Equivalent refers to the chemical
combining power of a substance or
the power of cations to unite with
anions to form molecules

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 most abundant cat ion in the
extracellular fluid
 sodium is regulated by

Salt intake Aldosterone

Urinary output

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 functions
Maintain balance of extracellular fluid, thereby
it controls the movements of the water between
fluid compartments

Transmission of nerve impulses

Neuro muscular and myocardial impulse

transmission
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Normal concentration
of sodium

135 to 145
mEq/L
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Main intracellular cat ion
Helps in maintaining fluid balance of
the intracellular fluid
Potassium is regulated by

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 functions
Regulates neuromuscular excitability and muscle
contraction

Needed for glycogen formation and protein

sunthesis

Correction of acid base imbalances. Potassium

ion can be exchanged with hydrogen ion (H+)
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Normal concentration
of potassium

3.5 to 5.3
mEq/L
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Calcium is the most abundant element
in the body
Calcium is extracellular fluid
Regulated by the action of
Thyroid gland parathyroid gland

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) controls
the balance among bone calcium,
gastrointestinal absorption and
kidney excretion of calcium.

Thyrocalcitonin from the thyroid

gland inhibits the release of calcium
from bones, thus playing a minor
role in determining serum calcium
levels.
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 functions
Maintenance of cell membrane, its integrity and
structure

Conduction of nerve impulses in the skeletal

muscle

Stimulation and depolarization and contraction

of cardiac muscles
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 functions
Aids in blood coagulation

Growth and formation of bones

Muscle relaxation

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Normal concentration
of calcium

4 to 5
mEq/L
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Magnesium is the second most
important cat ion in the
intracellular fluid

It has an inhibitory effect on

skeletal muscles.

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 functions
Precipitation of metabolic activities of cells

Enzyme activity

Neuro chemical activity

Muscular excitability

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Normal concentration
of magnesium

1.5 to 2.4
mEq/L
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anions

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 chloride
phosphate

bicarbonate

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Phosphate is a buffer anion in
extracellular and intracellular fluid

Phosphate absorption is through

gastrointestinal tract in a range of 3 to
12 mg/100 ml

Calcium and phosphate are inversely

proportional.

When one rises the other falls

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Serum phosphate is regulated by

kidneys

Parathyroid hormone

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Activated vitamin D

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 functions
Development and maintenance of bones and
teeth

Promotes normal neuromuscular action

Participates in carbohydrate metabolism

Assist in acid base regulation

Maintains levels of ATP ( Adenosine

Triphosphate) and thus energy levels #
Normal concentration
of phosphate

2.5 to 4.5
mEq/L
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Chlorides are found in extracellular and
intracellular fluids

The chloride ion balances the cations

within the extracellular fluid

The ion exchange helps to maintain the

electrical neutrality

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Chloride is regulated through
kidneys

The dietary intake of chloride and

the amount excreted in urine are
closely related

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Normal concentration
of chloride

100 to 106
mEq/L
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Bicarbonate is found in extracellular
and intracellular fluids

It is a major chemical buffer in the

body

Regulation is through kidneys

It is an essential component of the

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering
system essential to acid base balance
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 Normal arterial
bicarbonate value

22 to 26
mEq/L
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 Normal venous
bicarbonate value
24 to 30
mEq/L
In venous blood, bicarbonate
is measured as
carbondioxide content

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