COMPUTER NETWORKS

CS610
Lecture-18
Hammad Khalid Khan
 Review Lecture 17
 Routing Table Computation

 Shortest Path Computation in a Graph

– Dijkstra’s Algorithm

 Distributed Route Computation

– Distance Vector Routing
– Link State Routing

 Example WAN Technologies

 Chapter 14

CONNECTION ORIENTED NETWORKING

and
ATM
 Introduction

 LANs and WANs can both connect multiple computers, but

they have different base technologies and meet different
goals

 ATM is a single technology that is designed to meet the

goals of both LANs and WANs

 ATM uses the concept of Connection-Oriented Networking

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode

 Telephone companies (Telcos) introduced ATM to meet

several goals:
– Universal service – for all subscribers
– Support for all uses – voice, video, and data
– A single, unified infrastructure (no separate LANs &
WANs)
– Guaranteed service, when appropriate
– Support for low-cost devices
 Jitter
 Jitter is the term used for variance in transmission delays

 Jitter is significant for voice, video, and data

 Jitter in LANs can occur when a packet is delayed because

the network is busy
 Packet Sizes
 Large packets result in less overhead because a smaller
fraction of the packet is used for header information

 Optimum networks use 4KB packets or larger

 Large packets can’t easily be used for voice

– 8 bit samples (at 125 usec per sample) would require half
a second to fill a 4KB packet.
– Echo cancellation can only be used with low transmission
delays
 ATM Cells
 To meet its goals, ATM uses small, fixed-sized packets called
cells

 Each cell has 53 octets

 VCI/VPI fields identify the cell’s destination

 PRIO tell if cell can be discarded

 ATM Cells
 CRC checks the header’s bits only!

 ATM header is about 10 percent of the cell

 Ethernet can have overhead of only 1 %

 Engineers sometime call ATM overhead the Cell Tax

ATM Cells
 Connection-Oriented Service
 The connection-oriented service paradigm for networking is
similar to the manner in which telephones are used:
– A caller dials the number of the destination
– The telephone at the destination signals the arrival of a
Connection Request
– If the called person doesn’t answer, the caller gives up
after waiting for a Timeout
– If the called person does answer, then the connection is
established, and data is exchanged
 Connection-Oriented Service
 In data communications, a binary connection identifier is
given to each of the two parties to the connection to enable
identification of the connection
 Virtual Channels (or Circuits)
 Connections in ATM are called virtual channels (VC), or
virtual circuits (a term preferred by some)

 These are called virtual, since connections are formed in

ATM by storing values in memory locations (tables) in ATM
switches, as opposed to making actual electrical connections
 Virtual Channels (or Circuits)
 The VC is identified by a 24-bit value formed from:
– The VPI, or virtual path indicator (8 bits), which identifies a
particular path through the network; &
– The VCI, or virtual channel indicator (16 bits), which
identifies the channel in the virtual path is being used by
the connection

 Most frequently, the 24-bit pair is treated as just a single

connection identifier by computers
 Summary
 Connection-Oriented Networking and ATM
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 ATM Design and Cells
 Connection-Oriented Services
 Virtual Channels