The Greatest in the Kingdom

18 About that time the disciples came to Jesus and

asked, “Who is greatest in the Kingdom of
Heaven?”
2 Jesus called a little child to him and put the child

among them. 3 Then he said, “I tell you the truth,

unless you turn from your sins and become like
little children, you will never get into the Kingdom of
Heaven. 4 So anyone who becomes as humble as
this little child is the greatest in the Kingdom of
Heaven.
5 “And anyone who welcomes a little child like this

on my behalf[a] is welcoming me.

1
 REPORTED SPEECH

When we report what we or other people

have said or thought, we can use direct
speech (reporting the exact words), but
we usually use indirect speech.
2
3
4
authors often use direct speech — the
exact word are between inverted
commas.
3 Andhe said, 'Truly I tell you, unless you change and
become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of
heaven.'

' Truly I tell you, unless you change and become like little
children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven, ' He
said.

3 'Truly
I tell you, ' Jesus said/said Jesus, ' unless you
change and become like little children, you will never enter
the kingdom of heaven'
5
When we put the reporting verb after
direct speech, it can go before the
subject, unless the subject is a pronoun:
3 'Truly I tell you, unless you change and become like
little children, you will never enter the kingdom of
heaven,' He said.

3 'Truly I tell you, unless you change and become like

little children, you will never enter the kingdom of
heaven,' said The Lord.

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9.2There are a number of common introductory verbs
used to report statements, which are often followed
by THAT (e.g. say, tell, add, continue, answer, reply,
mention, remark)

We can omit THAT after an introductory verb, and

often do in conversation, except after reply,
continue, answer and shout:
At that time the disciples came to Jesus and asked, ' Who,
then, is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven? '
Jesus replied THAT unless you change and
become like children, you will never enter the
kingdom of heaven."
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9.2 said and told
We can omit the object or use an indirect object
(e.g. to us) after say, but we use a direct object
(e.g. us) after tell
He said (to us) that
He said to the disciples that…
He told us
He told the disciples..

8
When we are reporting more than one sentence, it is not
necessary to repeat the reporting verb to introduce every
new sentence.

We can report our thoughts using reporting

verbs such as think, decide or imagine:
The disciples never imagined that Jesus would
compare them with children.

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 9.2CHANGE OF TENSES:
 DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
 present  past
 present perfect  past perfect
 past  past perfect
 future  past future

'I'm leaving in ten minutes. ' She decided she was

leaving in ten minutes.
'We've been living here for gears. ' —+ He
revealed they'd been living there for years. 10
We do not change the tense of the original words in
reported speech when:
• the reporting verb is in a present tense:
 Jesus said that unless you change and become like little
children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.
We don't usually change the tense when:
the action in the indirect speech is still happening
or going to happen:
'l am working on the details of a tentative settlement. ' —s
The negotiator said he is working on the details of a
tentative settlement. (= He is still working on the details.)

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CHANGE OF ADVERBS OF
TIME & PLACE

 DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

 yesterday  the day before
 tomorrow  the next/following day
 next day/week  the following day/week
 today  that day
 here  there

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 9.2CHANGE OF MODALS:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
WILL  WOULD
MAY  MIGHT
SHALL  WOULD(refers to the future)
SHALL SHOULD(it is a suggestion)
Must/had to=
mustn't or wasn't/weren't to
 NOT CHANGE
Ought to, used to, could, might, would and should
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 CHANGE OF QUESTIONS
The most common verbs for reporting
questions are ask and want to know:
1.The disciples asked who was greatest in the
Kingdom of Heaven.
2.The disciples wanted to know who was greatest in
the Kingdom of Heaven.

We also use enquire for formal questions and wonder for

'ask ourselves‘
1. The class was boring and Galina wondered when she
could leave.

We introduce indirect closed questions with if or whether: 14

We introduce indirect closed
questions with if or whether:
Anabel wondered whether or not there
was a lift in the apartment block.

Anabel wondered whether/ if there was a

lift in the apartment block or not.

NOT: only at the end to report a question

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We report negative questions which
express surprise or criticism with a
'functional' verb like complain.
'Isn't that stupid?'
X He asked if that wasn't stupid.
He complained that it was stupid.

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9.4 Indirect commands and requests

In indirect commands we use a reporting

verb and (not) to + infinitive:

“Don’t shout”, I said to Jim.

 I told Jim not to shout.

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We can use ask for + passive infinitive if
we don't mention the person to whom the
command was given:

The cinema manager asked for the culprit

to be brought to his office.

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There are several different patterns used
after reporting verbs: Patterns
.
verb only
'I'm really sorry. ' She apologised.
verb + (that) clause
I hacked into the company's accounts system.

He admitted (that) he had hacked into the

company's accounts system.

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 Note: sb = somebody)
 agree, apologise, refuse
 accept, acknowledge, add, admit,
advise, agree, announce, answer* , verb only
'I'm really sorry. ' She apologised.
argue, assert, assume, believe,
boast, comment, complain, verb + (that) clause
concede, conclude, confess,
I hacked into the company's account
continue* , decide, declare, deny, system.
doubt, exclaim, expect, explain,
foresee, imagine, imply, insist, He admitted (that) he had hacked in
company's accounts system.
know, mention, notice, observe,
point out, predict, promise, protest,
recommend, remark, repeat,
reply* , report, respond, reveal, say,
shout* , state, suggest, vow,
whisper
 ( * = that is obligatory) 20
verb + object + that clause
'Don't worry. You'll arrive on time.
' She reassured me that I would arrive on time.

advise, assure, inform,

reassure, remind, tell, warn

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 verb + to infinitive
'We'll pick up the children, if you like.
They offered to pick up the children.

agree, demand, guarantee, offer,

.
propose, refuse,
swear, threaten, volunteer, vow

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verb (+ optional object) + to
infinitive Please can I use the car?‘
She asked to use the car.
Please let me stag.
She begged us to let her stay.

ask (sb), beg (sb), expect (sb)),

promise (sb)
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verb + object + to + infinitive
'You shouldn't say anything.
I advised him not to say anything.

advise, allow, challenge, command,

compel, encourage, expect, forbid,
force, implore, instruct, invite, order,
permit, persuade, remind, request,
tell, urge, warn
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verb + object + to + infinitive +
complement
'Muhammad Ali was the greatest boxer ever.
She considers Muhammad Ali to have been
the greatest boxer ever.

acknowledge, assume, believe, claim,

consider, declare, expect, feel, find,
presume, suppose, think, understand
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verb + -ing form
'I didn't do it.' He denied doing it.

admit, apologise for, decide on, deny,

mention, recommend, regret, report,
suggest

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verb + object + preposition + -ing form
'You forged the cheques, didn't you?‘

They accused me of forging the cheques .

accuse sb of, blame sb for,

congratulate sb on, thank sb for

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Activity 1

accuse apologise blame

consider encourage
reassured recommend
refuse regret
remind suggest
warn volunteer
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