The world is enough to meet human needs,

but not enough to satisfy human greed

DUNIA INI CUKUP UNTUK MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN MANUSIA
TETAPI TIDAK CUKUP UNTUK MEMENUHI KESERAKAHAN
MANUSIA
(MAHATMA GANDHI)

CONTROL OIL AND YOU CONTROL THE NATION,

CONTROL FOOD AND YOU CONTROL THE PEOPLE
(HENRY KISSINGER)
Interesting Statistics on “tilted situation”
(the UN Human Development Report; 1998)
Description USD Bil
Cost of Supplying Basic Education to all children 6/y
Cost of US spending on cosmetic 6/y
Cost of Provision of Water and Sanitation for all 9/y
Cost of Spending on Ice Cream in Europe 11 / y
Cost of Provision of Basic Health for all 13 / y
Cost of Spending on Cat Food in USA & Europe 17 / y
Cost of Elimination of Malnutrition through improved agricu. 4/y
Cost of Slimming Aids to counter obesity and over-eating in 4/y
the first world
 Ist LAW of
THERMODINAMIC
 BARBER SHOP
For STUDENT

the entrance : Out :

student with students with
long hair neat (short) hair
 Initially
20 students

the entrance : Out : 3

5 student students
 Initially
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the entrance : Out : 3

5 student students
 U
INTERNAL
ENERGY
Q W
HEAT WORK

Change of Internal Energy = The Heat in – Work Out

U = Q - W
Example 1.
In the compression of an internal-combustion engine
the heat rejected to the cooling water is 45 kJ/kg and
the work input is 90 kJ/kg. Calculate the change in
internal energy of the working fluid stating whether it is
gain or loss.

Example 2.
In the cylinder of an air motor the compressed air has
an internal energy 420 kJ/kg at the beginning of the
expansion and internal energy of 200 kJ/kg after
expansion. Calculate the heat flow to or from yhe
cylinder when the work done by the air during the
expansion is 100 kJ/kg.
IN A CYCLE :
When a system undergoes in thermodynamic cycle
then the net heat supplied to the system from its
surroundings is equal to the net work done by the
system on its surrounding

U = Q -  W
U = 0
Q = W
Qin Boiler Turbine W out

Condenser Q out

Feed pump

W in

boundary
dQ = 2800- 2100 = 700 kJ/kg
• If steam flow at m kg/sec then :

dQ = (m ).(700 kJ/kg)
dW = (1000-5) kJ/sec = 995 kJ/sec
dQ = dW
m 700 kJ/kg = 995 kJ/sec

m = (995kJ/sec) / (700 kJ/kg)

= 1.421 kg/sec
FLOW EQUATION
 x
Inlet 1 Flow equation
Qin

Z1

W out
Outlet 2

Z2
Batas
 Flow equation:

 C12
  C22

 u1   Z1 g  p1v1   Q   u2   Z 2 g  p2v2   W
 2   2 

h = u + pv
 C2
  C2

 h1  1
 Z1 g   Q   h2  2
 Z 2 g   W
 2   2 
mass flow :

c. A
m 
v
Example :

In the turbine of a gas turbine unit the gases flow

through the turbine at 17 kg/sec and the power
developped by turbine is 14000 kW. The enthalpies
of the gases at inlet and outlet are 1200 kJ/kg and
360 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocities of the gases
at inlet and outlet 60 m/s and 150 m/s respectively.
Calculate the rate at which heat is rejected from the
turbine. Find also the area of the inlet pipe given that
the spesific volume of the gases at inlet is 0.5 m3/kg.
 Gases out
Gases in

Gas turbine W out

Q out
Boundary
Solve :
 C12   C22 
 h1   Z1 g   Q   h2   Z 2 g   W
 2   2 
C12 602 2 2 602
 m /s  kg  m2 / s2  kg  1.8 kJ / kg
2 2 2
C 22
= 11.25 kJ/kg ; and Z1 = Z2
2
W = (14000 kJ/dt)/(17 kg/dt) = 823.5 kJ/kg
1200 + 1.8 +Q = 360 + 11.25 + 823.5
Then Q = - 7.02 kJ/kg
Heat rejected = 7.02 kJ/kg * 17 kg/s = 119.3 kW
Air flows steadily at 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor,
entering 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and spesific
volume of 0.85 m3/kg, dan and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a
pressure of 6.9 bar and spesific volume of 0.85 m3/kg.
The internal Energy of air leaving is 88 Kj/kg greater than
air entering. Cooling water in a jacket sorrounding the
cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59 kJ/s.
Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and
the inlet and outlet pipe cross-sectional area.
 Udara Udara keluar 2
masuk 1

Air masuk
Q keluar Udara
Kompre
Air keluar sor W masuk

Batas
 Solusion :
 C12   C22

 u1   Z1 g  p1v1   Q   u2   Z 2 g  p2v2   W
 2   2 
C12
2
= (6 x 6)/2 J/kg = 18 J/kg
C2
2
2
= (4.5 x 4.5)/2 J/kg = 10.1 J/kg
p1v1 = 1 x 105 x 0.85 = 85000J/kg
p2v2 = 6.9 x 105 x 0.16 = 110 400 J/kg
u1 - u2 = 88 kJ/kg
Q = (59 kJ/s) / (0.4 kg/dt) = 147.5 kJ/kg
W = -88 + 85 -110.4 + 0.018 -0.0101 -147.5 = - 260.9 kJ/kg
The input work:
W = 260.9 kj/kg x 0.4 kg/s = 104.4 kW.

CA
 
m
v
A1 = (0.4 kg/s) x (0.85 m3/kg) ) / (6 m/s)
= 0.057 m2

A2 = (0.4 x 0.16)/4.5 =0.014 m2

SEE YOU………