BIOMATERIALES

DANIEL FERNANDO HINCAPIÉ ROJAS

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MANIZALES
ORGANIZACIÓN ATÓMICA Y
ESTRUCTURAS CRISTALINAS
 OBJETIVO DE LA CLASE
Arrangements of atoms and ions play an important role in
determining the microstructure and properties of a material. The
main objectives of this chapter are to:

(a) learn to classify materials based on atomic ionic

arrangements;

(b) describe the arrangements in crystalline solids according to

the concepts of the lattice, basis, and crystal structure.
 SIN ORDEN

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 56.
 ORDEN DE CORTO ALCANCE
Ej: Vidrios inorgánicos

Polietileno C2H4

Enlace covalente
Relación direccional: 104.5°
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 56-57.
 ORDEN DE LARGO ALCANCE

MATERIALES CRISTALINOS
MONOCRISTAL Y POLICRISTAL
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 56 y 58.
 MATERIALES MONOCRISTINOS

Berilo Cuarzo sintético

Los cristales hexagonales de berilo pueden ser muy En el laboratorio se usan técnicas de crecimiento lento para evitar
pequeños o alcanzar un tamaño de varios metros. la nucleación y favorecer el crecimiento lento de monocristales de tamaño
adecuado
Tomado de: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berilo#/media/File:Beryl-209736.jpg
 MATERIALES POLICRISTALINOS
Acero inoxidable
granos

Frontera de
granos

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 58.
 DIFRACCIÓN DE RAYOS X

Estudiar la estructura
de los materiales
(cristalinos)

https://www.ucm.es/tecnicasgeologicas/difraccion-de-rayos-x-drx
MATERIALES AMORFOS

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 59.
 ÓRDENES EN LOS MATERIALES

Since atoms are assembled into nonequilibrium positions, the natural tendency of an amorphous material is to crystallize
(i.e., since this leads to a thermodynamically more stable material).
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 59.
ESTRUCTURAS CRISTALINAS

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 61.
14 REDES DE BRAVAIS – 7 SISTEMAS

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 62.
14 REDES DE BRAVAIS – 7 SISTEMAS

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 62.
 CELDA UNIDAD

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 63.
PARÁMETROS DE RED, ÁNGULOS AXIALES

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 64.
 CELDA CÚBICA UNITARIA SIMPLE (CS)

Cuáles son las coordenadas de los otros átomos

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 64.
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 64.
NÚMERO DE ÁTOMOS POR CELDA

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 65.
 NÚMERO DE ÁTOMOS POR CELDA

Determine el número de puntos de red en los sistemas

cristalinos cúbicos
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 65.
 EJEMPLO
Determine la relación entre el radio atómico y el parámetro
de red en estructuras CS, FCC y BCC.

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 68.
 COORDINATION NUMBER

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 69.
 PACKING FACTOR

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 69
 DENSITY
The theoretical density of a material can be calculated using the properties
of the crystal structure. The general formula is:

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 70.
 EJEMPLO
Determine the density of BCC iron, which has a lattice
parameter of 0.2866 nm.
 EJEMPLO

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 71.
THE HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE

When the atoms of the unit cell are

located only at the corners, the atomic
coordinate is (0, 0, 0), and one located at
(1/3, 2/3, 1/2).

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 71.
DETERMINAR EL VOLUMEN DE LA HCP

2 átomos por celda

FACTOR DE EMPAQUETAMIENTO DE LA HCP
Relaciones entre los
parámetros de red

𝑎 = 2𝑅

2 2
𝑐= 𝑎
3

https://materialesbuap2013.weebly.com/hcp.html
RELACIÓN c/a ideal para metales HCP
Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 72.
EXAMPLE
EJERCICIO PROPUESTO
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 ALLOTROPIC OR POLYMORPHIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
Materials that can have more than one crystal structure are called
allotropic or polymorphic.

The term allotropy is normally reserved for this behavior in pure

elements, while the term polymorphism is used for compounds.
POLYMORPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF
ZIRCONIA

Tomado de: http://dioxidodecirconio.blogspot.com/2011/05/oxido-de-circonio-propiedades-y.html

 DOPPED ZIRCONIA

Propiedades mecánicas y de
conductividad, estabilización.
Resistencia a la corrosión y al
envejecimiento del material.

Biomateriales (Prótesis de cadera)

Tomado de: http://dioxidodecirconio.blogspot.com/2011/05/oxido-de-circonio-propiedades-y.html

 EXAMPLE

Askeland Donald, The Science and Engineering of Materials, ed. Cengage Learning. capítulo 3, pp. 73.
DISEÑO DE UN SENSOR
EJERCICIO PROPUESTO
 EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
• What is the difference between an allotrope and a polymorph?.
Give some examples

• What are the different polymorphs of zirconia?

• State any two applications of stabilized zirconia ceramics.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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