WIND ENERGY

BMA-407
NON -CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
RITU RAJ(33)
PRERNA (34)
Reference
1
WIND ENERGY

It is renewable and provides clean mechanical and electrical power to meet the
needs of human beings without disturbing the ecosystem.

Wind is simply air in motion that carries kinetic energy with it. The kinetic energy is
converted into first mechanical and then electrical energy by generator The mechanical
energy of wind can be used for driving ships, pumping water, grinding grains, etc

A device for direct mechanical work is often called a windmill or just wind turbines. If
electricity is produced, the combination of turbine and generator may be called a wind
generator or aerogenerator that is also referred as a wind energy-conversion system
(WECS).
WIND TURBINE AND ITS MAIN SUB
COMPONENTS
Wind turbine is a rotating machine
which converts the kinetic energy
into mechanical energy if the
mechanical energy is then converted
into electricity ,the machine is called
wind generator

- Rotors which convert wind energy

into mechanical energy of the
shaft

- Nacelle (enclosure) which contains all

the conversion equipment, generator
,gear shaft etc.

- Tower, to increase the height of the

turbine systems so that higher wind
speeds are captured.
BASICS OF LIFT AND DRAG FORCE
Reference 2
Drag Force (D)
When a body is forced to move through a fluid especially through a liquid, it is found that
the body meets some resistance. It is well known that it is very difficult to walk in water
because of the much greater resistance offered by water to motion as compared to air. It is
also felt that the strong push is exerted by the flowing wind on the human body..The force
exerted by a flowing fluid on a body in the flow direction is called drag force.

Lift Force (L)

A stationary fluid exerts only normal forces on the surface of a body immersed in it. A
moving fluid, however, also exerts tangential shear forces on the surface of a body. Both of
these forces have the components in the direction of the flow. Hence, drag force is due to
the combined effects of pressure and wall shear forces in the flow direction.
The components of pressure and wall-shear forces in the direction normal to the fluid
flow that tend to move the body in that direction are called lift.
PRINCIPLE OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION

When the wind is blowing it exerts two types of forces ,lift and drag ,on the object in its
path . Drag force acts in the same direction as the wind while lift force is perpendicular to
the direction of the wind . The relative size of the drag and lift forces depends entirely on
the shape of the object .
Streamlined objects experience much smaller drag force than blunt objects.

ROTOR DESIGN
PITCH:- The blades of a rotor are curved so that they deflect the wind .
The lift force created causes rotor to rotate . In order to generate the maximum amount
of lift the blades must be set at an appropriate angle to the wind, called the pitch.
SOLIDITY
Solidity is defined as the percentage of circumference of the rotor which is filled by
rotor blades. The greater the solidity of a rotor the slower it needs to turn the
intercept the wind

TIP SPEED RATIO : The tip speed ratio (TSR) of a wind turbine is defined as,
λ= 2πRN/V∞
V∞ = Speed of Wind without any rotor intervention
R=Radius of the Rotor, which signifies the swept area
N=Rotational speed of the rotor in rps
λ= Tip Speed Ratio

The tip speed ratio (λ) for wind turbines is the ratio between the rotational speed of
the tip of a blade and the actual speed of the wind .
 PERFORMANCE
COEFFICIENT

The performance coefficient of a rotor is

the fraction of wind energy passing
through the rotor disc which is converted
into shaft power

Cp is the ratio of actual

electric power produced by a wind
turbine divided by the total wind
power flowing into the turbine blades at
specific wind speed.
WIND ENERGY IN INDIA
Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years.
As of 31 March 2019 the total installed wind power capacity was 36.625 GW,
the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world (Reference 3) Wind
power capacity is mainly spread across the South, West, North and East regions.

COST OF WIND ENERGY

Wind power costs in India are decreasing rapidly.The levelised tariff of wind power
reached a record low of ₹2.43 (3.5¢ US) per kWh[4] (without any direct or indirect
subsidies) during auctions for wind projects in December 2017.In December 2017,
union government announced the applicable guidelines for tariff-based wind power
auctions to bring more clarity and minimise the risk to the developers.
India ranks 4thin world with
6.6% share.

Installed wind capacity by

state as of 31 March 2018.
StateTotal Capacity (MW)

Tamil Nadu 8,197

Gujarat 5,613
Maharashtra 4,784
Karnataka 4,509
Rajasthan 4,298
Andhra Pradesh 3,963
Madhya Pradesh 2,520
Telangana 101
Kerala 53
Others 4

Total 34,043MW

India's largest wind power

production facilities
(10MW and greater)
INDIA’s LARGEST WIND
POWERPLANTS☺
⚫ Muppandal is a small village in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu and one
of the most important site of wind farm in the state. It uses wind from the Arabian
Sea to produce renewable energy with the total capacity of 1500MW[5]which is
the largest in India.
⚫ Jaisalmer Wind Park is the second largest operational onshore wind farm in
India,located at Amarsagar in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Its installed
capacity of 1,064 MW which makes it one of the largest wind farms in the world
and largest of kind in India.
A new report launched by the Global Wind Energy Council[6]predicts that, despite
temporary supply chain difficulties, international wind markets are set to continue
their strong growth. In 2006, total installed wind power capacity increased by 25%
globally, generating some €18 billion (US$23 billion) worth of new generating
equipment and bringing global wind power capacity up to more than 74GW..
Our Mission☺(Reference 7)
To utilize the wind energy resources in the country in
anoptimal manner and thereby contribute to the country’s
quest for affordable, clean energy as well as energy security.

The Indian Wind Energy Association (InWEA) is a not-for-profit

organisation that was set up in 2002[7] to work as an independent body
representing the interests of developers, manufacturers of wind
turbines, components, systems etc., and investors in the Indian wind
energy sector. The Association was formed by a group of experienced
companies and individuals in the Indian wind energy sector.
The Association is registered under the Societies Regulation Act XXI of
1860 with the Government of India.
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

1. HORIONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES (HAWTs)

1. 2. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE (VAWTs)

Wind turbines can be separated into two types based by the axis in which the
turbine rotates as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines and Vertical Axis Wind
Turbines. The former are more commonly used due to several inherent
advantages, the latter being used in small scale
HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES
(HAWTs)

Their axis of rotation is horizontal.

The variability of wind distribution and speed brings up
the requirement of a gear system connected to the rotor
and the generator. The gear system enables a constant
speed of rotation to the generator thus enabling constant
frequency generation.
They require a yaw mechanism to keep them facing the
wind, and also because in high winds the blades can turn
out of the wind thereby increasing drag and coming to a
stop.
 VERTICAL AXIS
WIND TURBINES
(VAWTs)
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor
shaft arranged vertically as the plane of rotation is vertical.
Blades are also vertical in this arrangement.
They don’t require a yaw control mechanism to be pointed
into the wind.
These are useful in sites where wind direction is random or
there is presence of large obstacles like trees, houses etc.
Some drawbacks are the low efficiency of wind production
and the fact that large drag is created for rotating the
blades in a vertical axis.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF WIND ENERGY( Reference 8 )

1. DESIGN ISSUES
Proper design of wind turbines is one of the most important challenges. The design of wind
turbines must be proper with respect to the blade to ensure the sufficient availability of
wind energy.
‘Aerofoil’ shape is an important design parameter to understand the aerodynamics of the
blade. New ‘aerofoils’ have been developed to enhance the capacity of wind turbines for
energy capture.
Slender blades were designed to increase the lift coefficient of airfoils and also to reduce
both fatigue and extreme loading.

2.LOCATION ISSUES
• Wind energy farms requires large area ,same land can be used for other works such as
farming, livestock operations etc.
• The power developed from a wind turbine mainly depends on wind speed. Wind
speed is mainly influenced by obstacles like buildings and topography.
• To ensure the sufficient availability of wind energy, it is necessary that the wind
energy farms must be located in rural areas at sufficient heights.
• Due to this inconsistency in wind speed/energy, the generating system cannot provide
steady electricity. Hence, the generation of energy may vary thereby affecting the power
system operations. To resolve this, power system regulators can be used to make
detailed schedule plans .
• 3.IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
•Impacts on wildlife-The wildlife impacts can be categorized into two categories i.e. direct
and indirect. The direct impact is the mortality rate due to collisions with wind turbines
and the indirect impacts includes habitat disruption and others..Sovacool [24] estimated
that conventional power stations (fossil fuelled) killed twenty times more birds than
wind turbines per GWh.
• Noise impact--The effect of noise pollution can even lead to lower property values
within a certain radius of the construction and is also hazardous for humans (up to
some extent). Hence, before building a wind turbine, it is important to study the types
of noise produced by wind turbines.
3.GRID CONNECTION ISSUES

Wind farms are usually located in rural areas due to the availability of land, higher
wind speed and possibility other works such as farming etc. There are two main
problems faced in wind energy generation with respect to grid.

Firstly, in many of the rural areas there are limitations of grid infrastructure and
secondly, even if there is stable grid present, integration of wind energy into the
grid leads to potential technical issues such as voltage fluctuations etc.

Due to the limitation of grid infrastructure, most of the energy generated (if not
transmitted effectively) is wasted. The availability of wind is variable due to the
weather pattern, large water bodies, clouds (preferential heating), day & night
cycles, storms/turbulence etc.
Advantages of wind energy :-)
(Reference 9)

• Wind energy is far more ecofriendly than the burning of fossil fuels for electricity.
• Another advantage of wind power is the ability to place turbines wherever necessary.

• The main advantage include an unlimited, free, renewable resource (the wind
itself), economic value, maintenance cost, and placement of wind harvesting
facilities.

• Harvesting wind power is a clean, non-polluting way to generate electricity .

Disadvantages of wind
energy:-(
• Constructing turbines and wind facilities is extremely
expensive. Very high initial capital cost and maintenance cost.

• The second disadvantage is technology immaturity.

REFRENCES
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE

2. https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2F-
QYFFrFjlr8I%2FXHMP4mc9L4I%2FAAAAAAAAcCM%2FHoMo7zaTssERzBxTon33KzXRJOumXM_Iw
CHMYCw%2F%25255BUNSET%25255D&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haqx.org%2F2019%2F02%2
Faerodynamics-basics-lift-drag-flow-separation.html%3Fm%3D1&docid=DRs-
VqSyFymB1M&tbnid=5QgUHx2_0WU8zM%3A&vet=12ahUKEwi7sI3mxKjlAhVMv48KHaa4AWE4ZBAz
KBkwGXoECAEQGg..i&w=512&h=189&bih=657&biw=1366&q=lift%20and%20drag%20force%20images
&ved=2ahUKEwi7sI3mxKjlAhVMv48KHaa4AWE4ZBAzKBkwGXoECAEQGg&iact=mrc&uact=8

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_by_country

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India

5. http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-wind-farm-and-windmill-parks-in-india/

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Wind_Energy_Council , GWEC

7. http://inwea.org/ , InWEA

8. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/297736979 , Issues and Challenges of wind energy

9. http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/lloyd2/