SOCIETY

Organized, self-sufficient, and

enduring association of a
large number of people with a
distinct culture and shared
institution for mutual benefit
and protection.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND
PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY
•STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST
PERSPECTIVE “Consensus Theory”
•Society functions and every parts
contribute to the system as a whole.
•CONFLICT THEORY
•A full understanding of the society lies
in competition and conflicts between
winners and losers. Change can only be
attained trough conflict.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES AND
PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIETY
•SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION
PERSPECTIVE
•Human acts have subjective meanings
and people develop and communicate
trough the shared meanings of this acts.
Ex. Gift giving could be a gesture of
friendship or bribe.
EARLY SOCIETIES
•HUNTING GATHERING SOCIETIES
•Humans survive trough kinship who
shifts from one place to another to
gather and hunt food with the use of
simple and crude tools.
•HORTICULTURAL, FISHING AND
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
•People shift from one place to another
to look for greener Pasteur and plants
and fishes occasionally/seasonally.
EARLY MODERN-POST MODERN
SOCIETIES
•AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
•Dawn of Civilization
•INDUSTRIAL SOCITIES
•Use of machineries with fuels
•POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
•Society of technologically advanced
nations
 COMMUNITY
•Group of people occupying a territory ,
living together with families and the
neighborhood
•ELEMENTS:
•People
•Territory
•Interaction
•Common Values
•BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:
•Family
•Religious Institutions
•Economic and Political Institutions
•Educational Institutions
RELATIONSHIP AND BONDS IN SOCIETY

•Gemeinschaft- Rural relationship

•Relationship is personal where
friendship and kinship is integrated in
the relationship
•Gesellschaft- Urban relationship
•Relationship is impersonal, specialized
and business-like.
SOCIALIZATION

•The acquisition of the norms and roles

accepted of people in a particular
society
•AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:
•Family
•Peer group
•School
•Mass Media
•Religion
•Primary Group
 CULTURE
•Latin “cultura” cultus” care or cultivation
•Culture- Totality of man

•ELEMENTS:
•Material
•Non-material

•NON MATERIAL CULTURE:

•Language
•Beliefs- Peoples perception of reality
•Values- shared ideas about desirable
goals/ judgment about right or wrong
•Norms- Customary Behavior
 NORMS
•MORES- Standard conduct highly
respected by society
•Do not shout to elderly
•Use of po and opo
•FOLKWAYS- Traditional and habitual ways
•Pagmamano
•Laws- Formal norms Rules enforced by
authorities
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
•LEARNED- Could be learned trough
interaction
•SHARED- No one knows the entire culture
•CUMULATIVE- It can grow and expand
•DYNAMIC- Change is continuous
•RELATIVE/DIVERSE- Culture is different
from one another
OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS
•ETHNOCENTRISM- Ones culture is
superior
•CULTURAL RELATIVISM- Each culture
should be judged based on its merits
•XENOSENTRISM- Anything foreign is
superior
•TEMPOROCENTRISM- One’s own time is
important than of the past or future
•SUBCULTURE- Distinct culture within a
general culture
•COUNTER-CULTURE- Subculture which
contradicts larger society
OTHER CULTURAL CONCEPTS
•CULTURE LAG- Inability to immediately
adopt to another culture
•CULTURE SHOCK- Disorientation and
frustration when in another culture
•CULTURAL INTEGRATION- Adaption of
mass culture
•ISOLATION- A culture continues to
develop on it’s own
•DIFFUSSION- Spread of culture
MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE
•IMITATION- Duplication of culture
•INDOCTRINATION- Culture is formally
taught
•CONDITIONING- Culture is learned trough
rewards and punishments
•ACCULTURATION- Learning other culture
trough long contacts
•ENCULTURATION- Learning one’s culture
for necessity.
•AMALGAMATION- Intermarriage
 FAMILY
•Oldest, universal institution established and
smallest unit of the society
•Composed of people united by marriage,
blood or adoption
1. nuclear a family group consisting of
family a pair of adults and their
children.

2. extended a family group with 3 or

family more generations in a
family.

3. Single- A mother or father alone

parent family raising children.

4. Blended Two divorced people marry,

family bring with them children
from the old families.

5. Childless A couple with no kids.

family
 FAMILY RESIDENCE
•NEOLOCAL- Couple lives alone or
separately from parents
•PATRILOCAL- Couple lives with the family
of the male
•MATRILOCAL- Couple lives with the family
of the wife
 FAMILY DESCENT
•PATRILINEAL- Traces ancestry from
father’s side
•MATRILINEAL- Traces ancestry from
mother’s side
•BILINEAL- Traces family ancestry from
both mother and father
 FAMILY AUTHORITY
•PATRIARCHAL- Authority is exercised by
the father
•MATRIARCHAL- Authority is exercised by
the mother
•EGALITARIAN- Authority is jointly shared
 MARRIAGE
•MONOGAMY- One wife, one husband
•POLYGAMY- A person may have more
than one spouse at the same time
•POLYANDRY- A woman may have more
than one husband at the same time
•POLYGYNY- A man may have more than
one wife at the same time
•MONOGAMY- One wife, one husband
•POLYGAMY- A person may have more
than one spouse at the same time
•POLYANDRY- A woman may have more
than one husband at the same time
•POLYGYNY- A man may have more than
one wife at the same time