SOLID STATE DRIVES

BRUSHLESS DC AND AC MOTORS

Mahadevan B. – 118005047
PERMANENT MAGNET MOTORS

• Trapezoidally excited – Brushless DC Motors.

• Sinusoidally excited – PMAC motors.
CONSTRUCTION OF BLDC
• Also called as inverter fed trapezoidal PMAC motor, operating in self
synchronous mode.
• 3 phase 2 pole machine. 3 phase stator winding is displaced by 120˚ and
each phase winding spans 60˚ for each pole.
BLDC IN SERVO APPLICATIONS
• BLDC = Trapezoidal PMAC + VSI.
• Star connected stator and has rotor position sensors.
• Flux in airgap is constant. So, Voltage induced is proportional to speed of
rotor.
• During each 60˚ interval, current enters in one phase and comes out of other
phase. So, power delivered = (E.Id) + ((-E).(-Id)) = 2EId = 2keωmId
• Torque developed = P/ωm = 2keId= kTId
• Regenerative braking is also possible as the rotor is a permanent magnet, and
emf gets induced in stator winding upon running in higher speeds than the
rated. This reverses direction of phase current and feeds power back to DC
source.
WAVEFORMS FOR BLDC MOTOR
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS OPERATION

• For 0˚ to 60˚, iA is positive and iB is negative, indicating that current enters through phase
A and leaves through Phase B.
• For this condition, SCR 1 and 6 must be kept ON, so that A and B are connected to
positive and negative terminals respectively. Current flow is along Vd+, Tr1, phase A,
phase B, Tr6, Vd -.
• Similarly all other SCR can be operated cyclically for desired direction of rotation and
supply can be given to the motor to attain unidirectional torque.
• For properly applying current pulses to the motor, six hall effect position
sensors are used to identify the position of rotor. These sensors are mounted at
60˚ intervals.
• These sensors are cheaper when compared to the sensors used in sinusoidal
PMAC motor, thus reducing the drive’s overall cost.
• A main disadvantage in BLDC motor is that the ripple in torque is much higher
when compared to sinusoidal PMAC motor, due to inverter’s inability to
produce rectangular waveforms, practically.
• BLDC motor is widely used in servo drives, except in high performance drive.
In high performance drive, sinusoidal PMAC motors are preferred.
• When compared to a conventional DC motor, BLDC has advantage of
absence of brushes and its associated disadvantages.
• Advantages of BLDC motors when compared to conventional DC motors:
• Don’t require maintenance due to absence of commutator and brushes, have long life and
high reliability, low inertia, less prone to interference and noise. It can run at high speeds
in order of 100,000rpm. Cooling is much better, due to absence of winding in rotor.

• Disadvantages of BLDC motors when compared to conventional DC motors :

• High cost due to rotor sensors, low starting torque.

• Applications:
• Turn table drives in record players, tape drive for video recorders, spindle drives in hard
disks, low cost and low power drives in computer applications.
• In field of aerospace like gyroscopic motors, cryogenic cooler motors, cooling fans in heat
sinks.
PMAC MOTOR DRIVES
• Also called as sinusoidal PMAC motors or Brushless AC motors or PM
synchronous motors.
• They have distributed winding in stator and rotor poles are so shaped that the
flux interacting with the rotor has sinusoidal nature.
• Speed of PMAC motor is varied by feeding it from a variable frequency
voltage source. These are operated in self synchronous mode.
• The stator windings are energized using variable frequency sinusoidal
voltages, with a phase difference of 120˚ between them.
• Mechanical power developed = Pm = 3 Es Is cos(δ - π/2) = 3 XsIfIssinδ
• Torque developed = Pm/ωms = kIsIfsin δ. For Tmax, δ = π/2.
SERVO DRIVE EMPLOYING SINUSOIDAL PMAC
MOTOR FED FROM VSI
• This drive model employs a 3 phase VSI, rotor sensors and other auxiliary
units that are required to control the operation of motor.
• The speed ωm is compared with the reference set speed. The error in speed is
processed, and is used to calculate the timing of pulses given to the motor’s
stator winding.
• If speed error is positive, the drive will accelerate the motor to set speed. If
error is negative, the drive will brake the motor and bring it down to set
speed.
• As sinusoidal flux has to be produced, an absolute rotor position sensor is
required, which increases the cost of the drive. But the advantages of this
drive like excellent dynamic performance, low torque ripple, this drive
scheme is widely used in high performance servo drives.