University of Jordan

Department of Civil Engineering

" Prestressed Concrete"
CH 8: Analysis and Design of
Composite Beams

Lecturer :- Dr. Maha Alqam

Done By :- Waseem Al Omari 8181582
8.1 Definition of Composite Construction and its use

Prestressed concrete composite beam is defined as a beam that is precast, pretensioned at a plant,
then transported to site, lifted in place then integrated with a CIP slab

The integration takes place by tying both systems together at the slab/beam interface using
horizontal shear studs or extended beam stirrups

The new integrated beam/slab system is allowed to act as a

composite unit in counteracting flexural stresses, where the
beam carries tension without cracking, while the CIP slab
carries compression.

Fig. 8.1
Fig. 8.2 Fig. 8.3
Advantages of Precast Pre-Tensioned Composite Beam Construction
1. Time Savings: Total construction time is reduced, since
the beam are cast in plant, the casting utilizes higher
efficiency rates, thereby accelerating the rate of casting,
curing, transporting and final lifting into permanent position

2. Higher QA/QC Procedures: Pre-tensioning and casting

concrete in plant is more cost-effective than post-tensioning
on site due to the higher quality control procedures
employed in factory-produce beam elements, thereby
reducing the delivery time and associated costs

3. False Work Construction Savings: provides the

ability to use precast beams as means for supporting the CIP Fig. 8.4
slab formwork without the need of additional scaffolding

• Also Construction time can be reduced further by

using stay-in-place precast concrete panels to support
the CIP slab
Advantages of Precast Pre-Tensioned Composite Beam Construction

4. Load Distribution in the Lateral Direction: when securely tied to the underlying precast pre-tensioned
beam, the CIP slab provides an effective means to distribute loads in the lateral direction through the embedded
shear studs or stirrup extensions from the beam into the CIP slab

5. Continuity of Spans over Interior Supports: when poured continuously over the supports of precast units, the
CIP slab provides a continuous beam system under the application of superimposed dead plus live loads, while
self-weight of the beam acts on the non-composite beam section

6. Increased Stiffness: the stiffness of the composite Beam under the application of the superimposed loads plus
live loads, especially once full composite action takes place after the pouring of CIP slab will significantly be
higher than beams made with topping slab or simply supported multi-span units. this will have a significant
impact on reducing the downward long-term deflection

Fig. 8.5
8.2 Shored VS. Unshored Construction
Shored construction involves resisting the weight of the beam by the precast section while resisting
all the weights that are in excess of the beam self-weight using the composite section.

Unshored construction involves resisting the weight of the beam plus slab by the precast section,
while resisting any additional loadings using the composite section.

Fig. 8.6
In chapter 4
𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝑮

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑴𝑮 + 𝑴𝑺𝑫𝑳 + 𝑴𝑳𝑳

In Composite Construction
𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏 = moment due to self weight of the precast beam alone acting under the effect of initial
prestress

𝑴𝒑 = sum of external bending moments acting on the precast beam alone under the effect of
effective prestress

𝑴𝒄 = sum of external bending moments (in excess of those that are part of 𝑴𝒑 ) acting on the
composite section under the effect of effective prestress
8.3 Cross-Sectional Properties and transformed flange width
• When a monolithic beam with an infinity wide flange is subjected to flexural loading, the
compressive stress on the top fiber is not constant but varies across the flange due to “shear lag”

• The stress is highest along the beam’s external web surface and decreases away from it.

• Its too complicated to utilize a theoretical solution using the actual stress distribution along the
slab.

Fig. 8.7
• A simplified approach is adopted in design where the flange is assumed to have an equivalent width,
𝒃𝒆 , over which the flexural stress is assumed uniform in the transverse direction

Source Slab on one Side Slab on two Sides

Section 8.12 𝑏𝑤 + 6 ℎ𝑓 𝑏𝑤 + 16 ℎ𝑓
-ACI 318-11
𝑏𝑤 + 𝑆 𝒃𝒆 is the lesser of : S
𝒃𝒆 is the lesser of :
2
𝐿
𝐿
𝑏𝑤 + 4
12

• When using I beams compositely with CIP slab, the

top flange of the precast beam becomes the web of
the composite beam

• Use 𝒃𝒗 instead of 𝒃𝒘 where 𝒃𝒗 is defined as the

width of the section at the interface with the slab

Fig. 8.8
Assumptions and definition of the transformed flange width

1. A prestressed concrete composite beam is assumed to behave elastically under the application of
full service load.

2. Precast and composite beam sections shall be designed as uncracked under full service load

3. The strain distribution along the entire section due to a bending moment is assumed linear

4. Full composite action between the precast beam and the CIP slab shall occur after 28-days

5. The stress in the prestressing steel shall be assumed constant along the beam length, and equal to
𝒇𝒑𝒊 under the application of the self-weight of the precast beam section, and 𝒇𝒑𝒆 under the
application of 𝑴𝒄 and/or 𝑴𝒑 .

6. The stress along the beam cross-section are assumed linear and are calculated using hook’s law

7. Constant effective prestressing force F under the effect of 𝑴𝒑 or 𝑴𝒄

Assumptions and definition of the transformed flange width

8. One of the two materials comprising the composite section (either the slab of the precast beam)
shall be transformed into the other in order to systematically calculate the stresses at the extreme top
and bottom fibers of the slab, the precast non-composite beam and the composite beam.

• This means that either the slab of the precast beam is transformed into the other since two
different materials having different modulus of elasticity values are involved in casting them
using the concept of transformed section which will be applied to the CIP slab.

• The concept essentially transforms the slab into a fictitious slab having the same concrete
mechanical properties as the precast beam (treating the composite section as one unit)
 (𝑬 )
• 𝒃𝒕𝒓 = 𝒃𝒆 (𝑬 𝒄) 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 = 𝒃𝒆 𝒏𝒄
𝒄 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎

(𝑬 )
• Where 𝒏𝒄 is the Transformation factor = (𝑬 𝒄) 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃
𝒄 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎

• Equation above ensure that under bending the

Fig. 8.9a
total compressive force in the actual slab of
width 𝒃𝒆 is the same as the force in the
transformed slab of width 𝒃𝒕𝒓 and having the
same modulus of elasticity as the precast beam

Fig. 8.9b
 Cross-Sectional Properties of the Composite Section

• The composite section can be transformed into an

equivalent monolithic section having the same
strength and modulus as the precast beam. Its
geometric properties are determined and directly
used in flexural design as chapter 4 with slight
adjustment to the procedure

• Let b= 𝒃𝒕𝒓 then the area of the composite section

𝑨𝒄𝒄 can be expressed as follows

𝑨𝒄𝒄 = 𝑨𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 (𝒃𝒕𝒓 ) = 𝑨𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 (𝒃) = 𝑨𝒄 + 𝒉𝒇 (𝒃𝒆 ) 𝒏𝒄

Fig. 8.10
 8.4 Interface shear (Horizontal shear)
Sufficient shear between CIP slab and beam guarantees a good connection between the two elements
so the slip between the two elements can be prevented.

In order to achieve full composite action in flexure we can use a combination of the following actions

1. Intentionally roughening the precast beam extreme top fiber

2. Providing as artificial bonding agent to be applied at the extreme beam top fiber

3. Extending the shear stirrups in the beam into the CIP slab

4. Using shear studs that are welded to the precast beam top steel cage reinforcement

• The ACI Code focuses on points 1 and 3 and established procedures for calculating the nominal
horizontal shear strength based on one or a combination of these two points

• The Horizontal Shear acting at the interface between the precast beam and the CIP slab is
independent on whether the construction is shored or unshored
The Horizontal shear stress can be expressed as follows:

𝑸𝒄
𝒗𝒉 = ∆𝑽
𝒃𝒗 𝑰𝒈𝒄

Where:

𝑸𝒄 : First static moment about the centroid of the composite section of the
portion of section above the shear considered (that is essentially the flange)

𝒃𝒗 : width of the shear plane considered

𝑰𝒈𝒄 : Gross moment of inertia of the composite section

∆𝑽: Shear force acting on the composite section

• The Maximum value of the shear stress as a function of the Fig. 8.11
depth of the composite section 𝒗𝒚 occurs when the shear plan
considered is taken along the neutral axis of the beam
 ∆𝑽
𝒗𝒉 = 𝞴 where 𝞴: is a factor larger than one
𝒃𝒗 𝒉

• For computing an average shear stress from the shear

force the ACI code essentially adopts a value of 𝞴 equal
to 1.0 and uses 𝒅𝒑𝒄 instead of h hence the equation
becomes:

∆𝑽
𝒗𝒉 =
𝒃𝒗 𝒅𝒑𝒄

Where:

𝒅𝒑𝒄 : distance from extreme compressive fiber of the

composite section to the centroid of the prestressing steel

Fig. 6.2
• If ultimate strength design is considered then:

𝑽𝒖
𝒗𝒖𝒉 =
𝒃𝒗 𝒅𝒑𝒄

Where:

𝑽𝒖 : Total factored shear force

𝒗𝒖𝒉 : required design horizontal shear strength at the interface

𝒅𝒑𝒄 = 0.8h or 𝒅𝒑𝒄 whichever is larger

Fig. 8.12
• If the precast beam is partially prestressed then 𝒅𝒆𝒄 replaces
𝒅𝒑𝒄 where

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 𝒅𝒑𝒄 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 𝒅𝒔

𝒅𝒆𝒄 =
𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
ACI Code Provisions for horizontal shear

• Designing for Horizontal shear is based on satisfying the following relationship

𝒗𝒖𝒉 ≤ Փ 𝒗𝒏𝒉

Where:

𝒗𝒖𝒉: factored design shear stress

𝒗𝒏𝒉: nominal horizontal shear strength

Փ: strength reduction factor for shear = 0.75 (ACI 318-11)

ACI Code Limitation on 𝒗𝒏𝒉
1. 𝒗𝒏𝒉 = 0.55 MPa when contact surfaces are clean, free of laitance, intentionally roughened to a full
amplitude of 6 mm and ties are not provided

2. 𝒗𝒏𝒉 = 0.55 MPa when minimum ties are provided in accordance with Eqs. 6.26 and 6.27 (page 163)
and the contact surfaces are clean, free of laitance and not intentionally roughened to a full
amplitude of 6 mm

3. When minimum ties are provided and the contact surfaces are intentionally roughened, clean and free
of laitance then 𝒗𝒏𝒉 can be calculated as follows

𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚
𝒗𝒏𝒉 = (𝟏. 𝟖 + ) 𝞴 ≤ 3.45 MPa if 𝒗𝒏𝒉 is greater than 3.45 MPa use shear friction method
𝒔 𝒃𝒗
Where:
𝑨𝒗 : area of minimum vertical stirrups (extended through the contact surface)
S: stirrups spacing = less of (4 𝒉𝒇 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎)
𝞴: 1.0 for normal weight concrete; 0.85 for sand lightweight concrete; 0.75 for all lightweight concrete

• if 𝒗𝒏𝒉 > the smaller of 0.20 𝒇′ 𝒄 or 5.52 MPa then section dimensions of the composite and/or precast
beam must be changed
Tie Reinforcement Using Shear Friction

• When 3.45 MPa < 𝒗𝒏𝒉 < 5.52 MPa, the ACI Code recommends the use of the shear friction
method for designing the horizontal shear reinforcement

• The method assumes that a horizontal crack will form at the interface between the precast beam
and the CIP slab elements. Hence this will necessitate providing shear reinforcement equivalent
to 𝑨𝒗𝒇 in order to prevent this crack from causing failure.

• This slip of one crack face with respect to other is accompanied by crack opening this will
cause yielding of the reinforcement that is crossing the crack and this will cause clamping
effect across the crack faces equivalent to 𝑨𝒗𝒇 𝒇𝒚
• The required area of shear friction reinforcement can be calculated from

𝑯
𝑨𝒗𝒇 = Փ 𝒇𝒖 μ ……………… Eq. 8.10
𝒚

Where:

𝑯𝒖 : Total horizontal shear force at the interface

𝜇: Frictional Coefficient = 1.4 𝞴 for concrete placed monolithically

1.0 𝞴 for concrete placed against hardened surface with intentionally roughened surface
0.70 𝞴 for concrete placed against steel
0.40 𝞴 for concrete placed against smooth surface

𝑯𝒖 = smaller of 0.85 (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝒃𝒕𝒓 ɑ

0.85 (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝒃𝒕𝒓 𝒉𝒇

Where:
𝒉𝒇 : depth of the CIP slab
𝒃𝒕𝒓 : transformed width of composite section
(𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 : compressive strength of the unified composite beam section
• Note that 𝑨𝒗𝒇 calculated as per Eq. 8.10 represents the total amount of shear reinforcement
needed over half the span length of simply supported beam

• It can be converted as per linear meter along half the span as follows

𝑨𝒗𝒇 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒒.𝟖.𝟏𝟎

(𝑨𝒗𝒇 )𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐿Τ ; L is in units of meter
2

𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑼−𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒑

• Required spacing, s = x 1000
(𝑨𝒗𝒇 )𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

• The required spacing must be less than or equal to:

𝟖𝟎𝑨𝒗𝒇 𝒇𝒚 𝒅𝒆 1
1. Minimum spacing calculated using (𝒔)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =( ) ,
𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒖 𝒅𝒆
𝒃𝒘

with 𝑨𝒗𝒇 = 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝑼 − 𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒖𝒑; 𝒅𝒑 = 𝒅𝒑𝒄 ; and 𝒅𝒑𝒄 is larger of 𝒅𝒑𝒄 or 0.8 𝒉𝒄

2. 600 mm
3. 0.75 hc

Note: the required spacing must be rounded to a practical integer value

8.5 Flexure – Working Stress Analysis And Design

Whether the beam is shored or unshored, two extreme loading conditions for the composite
system can be identified

1. Initial loading under 𝑴𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑭𝒊 + 𝑴𝑮𝑷

2. Final loading under 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑭 + 𝑴𝒄 + 𝑴𝒑

Where:

𝑴𝒑 = sum of external bending moments acting on the precast beam alone under the effect of effective
prestress

𝑴𝒄 = sum of external bending moments (in excess of those that are part of 𝑴𝒑 ) acting on the composite
section under the effect of effective prestress
Inequality conditions that must be satisfied when dealing with composite members (assuming simply
supported beams):

1. Condition (I) – Initial tension at the extreme top fiber of the precast beam due to beam self-weight alone vs. 𝝈
ഥ𝒕𝒊

2. Condition (II) – Initial compression at extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam due to beam self-weight alone
ഥ 𝒄𝒊
vs. 𝝈

3. Condition (III)𝑚𝑎𝑥 - Final compression at the top fiber of the precast beam (which is the part of the overall
composite section) at distance 𝒚′𝒕𝒄 = 𝒚𝒕𝒄 - 𝒉𝒇 , under the effects of 𝑴𝒄 + 𝑴𝒑 vs. 𝝈
ഥ𝒄𝒔

4. Condition (III)𝑠𝑢𝑠 - Final compression at the top fiber of the precast beam (which is the part of the overall
composite section) at distance 𝒚′𝒕𝒄 = 𝒚𝒕𝒄 - 𝒉𝒇 , under the effect of sustained loading vs. 𝝈
ഥ𝒔𝒖𝒔

5. Condition (IV) – Final tension at the extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam under the effects of 𝑴𝒄 + 𝑴𝒑
ഥ 𝒕𝒔
vs. 𝝈

6. Condition (V) – Maximum practical eccentricity = 𝒆𝒐 ≤ (𝒆𝒐 )𝒎𝒑 = 𝒚𝒃 - (𝒅𝒄 )𝒎𝒊𝒏

7. Condition (VI) – Final compression at the extreme top fiber of the transformed beam (at the extreme top fiber
of the slab) vs. (ഥ
𝝈𝒄𝒔 )𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
• Stress inequality conditions (I) and (II) are the same as chapter 4

• Condition (III)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (stress at extreme top fiber of the precast beam)

assuming unshored construction

ƞ 𝑭𝒊 𝒆𝒐 (𝑴𝑮𝑷 + 𝑴𝑺 ) (𝑴𝑺𝑫 + 𝑴𝑳 )
• (1- ) + + ≤𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔
𝑨𝒄 𝒌𝒃 𝒁𝒕 𝒁′𝒕𝒄

• Condition (III)𝑚𝑎𝑥 (stress at extreme top fiber of the precast beam)

assuming shored construction

ƞ 𝑭𝒊 𝒆𝒐 𝑴𝑮𝑷 (𝑴𝑺 + 𝑴𝑺𝑫 + 𝑴𝑳 )

(1- ) + + ≤𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔
𝑨𝒄 𝒌𝒃 𝒁𝒕 𝒁′𝒕𝒄

Where:

𝑴𝑮𝑷 = moment due to self-weight of the precast beam alone

𝑴𝑺 = moment due to weight of the CIP slab
𝑴𝑺𝑫 = moment due to additional superimposed dead load
𝑴𝑳 = moment due to live load
𝒁′𝒕𝒄 = top section modulus measured to the extreme top surface of the precast
beam assuming composite action
• Terms 𝑴𝑮𝑷 , 𝑴𝑺 , 𝑴𝑺𝑫 and 𝑴𝑳 for shored or unshored construction can be rewritten in the
inequality equations as follows

ƞ 𝑭𝒊 𝒆𝒐 𝑴𝒑 𝑴𝒄
(1- ) + + ≤𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔
𝑨𝒄 𝒌𝒃 𝒁𝒕 𝒁′𝒕𝒄

Where 𝑴𝒑 and 𝑴𝒄 are given as the table:

Moment Combination Unshored Shored

𝑴𝒑 𝑴𝑮𝑷 + 𝑴𝑺 𝑴𝑮𝑷
𝑴𝒄 𝑴𝑺𝑫 + 𝑴𝑳 𝑴𝑺 + 𝑴𝑺𝑫 + 𝑴𝑳
• Condition (III)𝑠𝑢𝑠 can be written as follows

ƞ 𝑭𝒊 𝒆𝒐 𝑴𝒑 (𝑴𝒄 −𝑴𝑳 )
(1- )+ + ≤𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔𝒖𝒔
𝑨𝒄 𝒌𝒃 𝒁𝒕 𝒁′𝒕𝒄

• Condition (IV) can be written in the same approach

ƞ 𝑭𝒊 𝒆𝒐 𝑴𝒑 𝑴𝒄
(1- )- - ≥𝝈
ഥ 𝒕𝒔
𝑨𝒄 𝒌𝒕 𝒁𝒃 𝒁𝒃𝒄

• Condition (VI) states that the maximum compressive stress in the CIP slab top fiber under
the effect of moment 𝑴𝒄 acting on the composite section must be less than or equal to the
allowable compressive stress in the slab, thus:

𝑴𝒄 (𝑬𝒄 )𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 𝑴𝒄
( )= 𝒏𝒄 ≤ (ഥ
𝝈𝒄𝒔 )𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝒁𝒕𝒄 (𝑬𝒄 )𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒁𝒕𝒄

• Condition (VI) rarely controls the design and is typically satisfied in the majority of design
cases
• Inequality conditions are
summarized in this Table
Cracking Moment
Assuming the positive moment leading to cracking in a composite beam is larger than
𝑴𝒑 , its value (in excess of 𝑴𝒑 ) for a simply supported beam can be obtained from:

𝒁𝒃𝒄
∆ 𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝒁𝒃
[ƞ 𝑭𝒊 (𝒆𝒐 - 𝒌 𝒕 ) - 𝑴𝒑 ] - 𝒇𝒓 (𝒁𝒃𝒄)

Where

𝒇𝒓 = -0.62 𝒇′𝒄

The total moment leading to cracking in the composite beam is given by:

𝑴𝒄𝒓 = ∆ 𝑴𝒄𝒓 + 𝑴𝒑
Minimum Section Moduli of Composite Sections
For Unshored Construction

𝒁𝒃 ≥ ( 𝒁𝒃 )𝑟𝑒𝑞

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 +𝑴𝑺 𝑴

Where: ( 𝒁𝒃 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 Provided that: 𝒁𝒃𝒄 ≥ ƞ 𝝈ഥ 𝒄− ഥ𝝈
ƞ 𝝈ഥ𝒄𝒊 − 𝝈ഥ𝒕𝒔 − 𝒁𝒄 𝒄𝒊 𝒕𝒔
𝒃𝒄

𝒁𝒕 ≥ ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 +𝑴𝑺 𝑴𝒄

Where ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the largest of ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 Such that 𝒁′𝒕𝒄 ≥ ഥ 𝒄𝒔 −ƞ 𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔 −ƞ
𝝈 ഥ𝒕𝒊 − ′𝒄
𝝈 𝝈 ഥ 𝒕𝒊
𝒁 𝒕𝒄

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 +𝑴𝑺 𝑴𝒄 − 𝑴𝑳

( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 −𝑴 Such that 𝒁′𝒕𝒄 ≥ ഥ 𝒄𝒔𝒖𝒔 −ƞ 𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔𝒖𝒔 −ƞ
𝝈 ഥ𝒕𝒊 − 𝒄 ′ 𝑳
𝝈 𝝈 ഥ 𝒕𝒊
𝒁 𝒕𝒄
Minimum Section Moduli of Composite Sections
For Shored Construction

𝒁𝒃 ≥ ( 𝒁𝒃 )𝑟𝑒𝑞

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 𝑴
Where: ( 𝒁𝒃 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 Provided that: 𝒁𝒃𝒄 ≥ ƞ 𝝈ഥ 𝒄− ഥ𝝈
ƞ 𝝈ഥ𝒄𝒊 − 𝝈ഥ𝒕𝒔 − 𝒁𝒄 𝒄𝒊 𝒕𝒔
𝒃𝒄

𝒁𝒕 ≥ ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 𝑴𝒄
Where ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 is the largest of ( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 Such that 𝒁′𝒕𝒄 ≥ ഥ 𝒄𝒔 −ƞ 𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔 −ƞ
𝝈 ഥ𝒕𝒊 − ′𝒄
𝝈 𝝈 ഥ 𝒕𝒊
𝒁 𝒕𝒄

1−ƞ 𝑴𝑮𝑷 𝑴𝒄 − 𝑴𝑳
( 𝒁𝒕 )𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑴 −𝑴 Such that 𝒁′𝒕𝒄 ≥ ഥ 𝒄𝒔𝒖𝒔 −ƞ 𝝈
ഥ 𝒄𝒔𝒖𝒔 −ƞ
𝝈 ഥ𝒕𝒊 − 𝒄 ′ 𝑳
𝝈 𝝈 ഥ 𝒕𝒊
𝒁 𝒕𝒄
8.6 Flexure – Ultimate Strength Analysis and Design

• Composite beams can be analyzed at ultimate using the transformed width of the CIP slab
and using the mechanical properties of the precast beam, then ultimate strength analysis
reduces to that of non-composite members as per chapter 5

• Consider 2 cases

1. Case 1 involves transformed slab made composite with a precast rectangular beam
2. Case 2 involves transformed slab made composite with an I-beam
Case 1 – CIP slab made composite with a Precast Rectangular Beam
Assuming width of compressive flange of a
composite beam equal to 𝒃𝒕𝒓 and using (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 ,
the composite section ca be analyzed at ultimate by
assuming Rectangular section behavior (c ≤ 𝒉𝒇 ) as
follows

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
c= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓 (𝜷𝟏 )𝒇′𝒄 (𝒃)

(𝜷𝟏 ) 𝒄 (𝜷𝟏 ) 𝒄
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒅𝒑 − ) + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 ( 𝒅𝒔 − )
𝟐 𝟐

Use: 𝒅𝒑 = 𝒅𝒑𝒄 , 𝒃𝒗 = 𝒃𝒘 , b = 𝒃𝒕𝒓 = 𝒏𝒄 𝒃𝒆

𝒇′𝒄 of the composite beam = (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡
If c > 𝒉𝒇 then it behaves as T-section

Then as per chapter 5:

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 −0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝑏− 𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝒇 ɑ

ɑ= c=
0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝜷𝟏

𝑻𝒏 = 𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑻𝒏𝒇 + 𝑻𝒏𝒘

𝑻𝒏𝒇 = 𝑪𝒏𝒇 = 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 (𝒃 − 𝒃𝒘 ) 𝒉𝒇

𝑻𝒏𝒘 = 𝑪𝒏𝒘 = 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ( 𝒃𝒘 ) 𝜷𝟏 c

𝒉𝒇 𝒂
Փ 𝑴𝒏 = Փ 𝑻𝒏𝒇 ( 𝒅𝒆 − ) + Փ 𝑻𝒏𝒘 ( 𝒅𝒆 − 𝟐)
𝟐
Case 2 – CIP Slab Made Composite with a Precast I-Beam

There are 3 possibilities for the location of the c

1. In the flange of the transformed CIP slab

2. In the flange of the precast beam

3. In the web of the precast beam

1. Neutral Axis in the flange of CIP Slab
Assume rectangular section behavior at ultimate then use the equations and procedure as
chapter 5 without any modifications assuming

𝒅𝒑 = 𝒅𝒑𝒄

𝒃 = 𝒃𝒕𝒓

𝒇′𝒄 = (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡

If c < 𝒉𝒇 then the assumption is ok and Փ 𝑴𝒏 can be computed assuming rectangular

section behavior using equations:

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚
c= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓 (𝜷𝟏 )𝒇′𝒄 (𝒃)

(𝜷𝟏 ) 𝒄 (𝜷𝟏 ) 𝒄
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒅𝒑 − ) + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 ( 𝒅𝒔 − )
𝟐 𝟐
2. Neutral Axis in the Flange of Precast I-Beam
If c > 𝒉𝒇 then assume that the neutral axis in the upper flange of the precast I-beam

Use equation from chapter 5 assuming T-section behavior to calculate c

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 −0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝑏− 𝒃𝒘 𝒉𝒇 ɑ

ɑ= c=
0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝜷𝟏

But substitute the following variables in the equation:

b = 𝒃𝒕𝒓 = 𝒏𝒄 𝒃𝒆 ( here 𝒃𝒆 is calculated using the width of the web of the precast beam 𝒃𝒘

𝒃𝒘 = (𝒃𝒕𝒇 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 = width of the top flange of the precast beam

𝒉𝒇 = thickness of the CIP slab , 𝒅𝒑 = 𝒅𝒑𝒄 , 𝒇′𝒄 = (𝒇′𝒄 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡

Check that 𝒉𝒇 < c ≤ [𝒉𝒇 + (𝒉𝒇 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 ] if it holds then the assumption is ok and Փ 𝑴𝒏 can
be computed assuming T-section behavior using Eqs. 5.14 through 5.20 page 129+130
3. Neutral Axis in the web of Precast I-Beam
• If c > [𝒉𝒇 + (𝒉𝒇 )𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 ] then the neutral axis lies within the web of the precast I-beam

• This situation might occur if the flange thicknesses of the CIP slab and I-beam are too thin for the
flanges to develop the necessary compressive force to resist the tensile forces in the prestressed and
non-prestressed reinforcement

• If this happens use Eqs 5.15 through 5.20 would have to be adjusted as follows

0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ( 𝒃𝒕𝒓 - 𝒃𝒘 ) 𝒉𝒇 + 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 [(𝒃𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 − 𝒃𝒘 ] (𝒉𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 + 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝜷𝟏 c = 𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚

𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 − 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ( 𝒃𝒕𝒓 − 𝒃𝒘) 𝒉𝒇 − 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ((𝒃𝒇𝒕)𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 − 𝒃𝒘) (𝒉𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕
c= 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝜷𝟏
𝑻𝒏 = 𝑨𝒑𝒔 𝒇𝒑𝒔 + 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟏 + 𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟐 + 𝑻𝒏𝒘

𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟏 = 𝑪𝒏𝒇𝟏 = 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ( 𝒃𝒕𝒓 − 𝒃𝒘 ) 𝒉𝒇

𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟐 = 𝑪𝒏𝒇𝟐 = 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ((𝒃𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 − 𝒃𝒘 ) (𝒉𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕

𝑻𝒏𝒘 = 𝑪𝒏𝒘 = 0.85 𝒇′𝒄 ( 𝒃𝒘 ) 𝜷𝟏 c

𝒉𝒇
Փ 𝑴𝒏 = Փ 𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟏 ( 𝒅𝒆𝒄 − 𝟐
) + Փ 𝑻𝒏𝒇𝟐 ( 𝒅𝒆𝒄 − [ 𝒉𝒇 + (𝒉 𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕
2
𝒂
] ) + Փ 𝑻𝒏𝒘 ( 𝒅𝒆𝒄 − 𝟐)

Where

𝒃𝒕𝒓 = 𝒏𝒄 𝒃𝒆 ( here 𝒃𝒆 is calculated using 𝒃𝒘 of I-beam as per table page 234)

(𝒃𝒇𝒕 )𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 : width of the top flange or the precast beam