FURNACE

Made by
vrunda solanki
What is furnace
• Thermal enclosure used to heat the materials below or above their melting points
for several purposes.

Principle objectives:
• To utilize the heat efficiently so that losses are minimum.
• To handle different phases(solid, liquid, gas) at different velocities for different
times and temperature such that erosion and corrosion of refractory is minimum.
Classification of furnace
(1) (i)Batch: material is charged at t=0 and taken out at some time t=t.
(ii)Continuous : material is fed from one end and taken out from another
end continuously.

(2) Based on use of furnace: it is classified based on the type of work the
perform.
-aniline
-quenching
-blast furnace
-forging
(3) Based on processing:

(i) Physical processing: material is heated below its melting point.

Objective: to perform heat treatment to soften material for deformation process.
Source: fossil fuel
Purpose: to impart desired properties

Temperature ranges:
- Ferrous material : 800 – 1200 C
- Non ferrous material : depend upon their melting point
(ii) Chemical processing: heated below or above melting point to carry out
chemical reactions. Following functions are there in chemical processing:

(a) Coking
Purpose: to convert coal to coke.
Heating source: indirect heating as obtained by fossil fuel combustion.
Temperature: 1200 – 1250 C

(b) Roasting
Purpose: to convert sulphide to oxide either partially or completely.
Heating source: exothermic reactions, combustion of fossil fuel
Temperature: 900 – 1000 C
(4) Based on modes of heat transfer:
(i) Open fire place furnace
(ii) Heated through liquid medium
 Types of furnaces
(1)Direct heating (2)regenerative glass tank furnace

Fuel + air flame Product of combustion

temp = 1200 C
charge
(3)Mixed feed vertical shaft lime kiln (4) Flash furnace for alumina, lime or
cement raw material calcination
Heat utilization
• Common source of energy : fossil fuel, exothermic reaction, electric energy
• Efficient utilization of fossil fuel requires heat utilization of POC (product of
combustion).
• Potential energy of fuel is converted to sensible heat of products of combustion
at 25 C and they than exit furnace.
• Heat of products may vary somewhere between 40 – 60% of calorific value of
fuel.
Variables affecting heat utilization
• GAH (gross available heat) is fixed; it is used as a criteria for comparing fuel-
combustion system.
• If heat supply is critical factor process throughput can be determined by NAH (net
available heat)
• Air adjustment: calorific value of fuel is energy obtained on complete combustion
of fuel with the amount of air.
- Sensible heat of reactant is added to process so fuel consumption decreases.
- Increase in POC temp increases fuel consumption.
CHT
• Direct heating methods generate heat within the material itself.
• Indirect methods transfer energy from a heat source to material by conduction,
convection, radiation.
• Common industrial heat treat process heating systems fall in one of the
categories:
- Combustion based process
- Electric process heating systems
The CHT software was
developed for stimulating the
thermal profiles of the parts
inside the furnace based
empirical solution.
The following chart can be
used to calculate the furnace
temperature