Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DEVELOPMENT
Factors Influencing Growth
and Development
• Biophysical
• Psychoanalytic/psychosocial
• Cognitive
• Moral
• Learning
• (Falls alike Personality Theories-
Personality Development)
Growth Pattern
Growth Patterns
• The child’s pattern of growth is in a
head-to-toe direction, or
cephalocaudal, and in an inward
to outward pattern called
proximodistal.
Psychodynamic/ Psycho
social
Freudian
Birth to
Stages
1½ to 3 to 6 6 yrs to Puberty
1½ yrs 3 yrs years puberty onward
• Concrete Classification
operations
• Formal Scientific” reasoning
Adolescent egocentrism &
operations imaginary audience
Domains of Moral
Development
Kohlberg’s Theory
• Social Development
• Attachment
• Socialization
• Social Cognition
• Moral Development
Social Development
• Social Development encompasses the
changes in feeling, interpersonal
thought, and behavior across the
lifespan
• Critical issues in social development
include
– Attachment and its implication for adult
functioning
– Socialization by parents and peers- refers to
the process by which children learn the beliefs,
values, skills, and behavior patterns of their culture
– Changes in moral reasoning
Parents as Socialization
Agents
• Styles of parenting:
– Authoritarian: Place a high value on obedience
and respect for authority
– Permissive: Impose minimal controls on their
children
– Authoritative: Enforce standards, but encourage
verbal give-and-take
• Parenting style affects children’s behavior
– Authoritarian parents produce children with low
independence, low self-esteem, and an external
locus of control
Psychosocial Theory of
Development
Thrust Life Stages
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle Adulthood
Late Adulthood
Adolescence
• Identity Development
Marcia’s 2 X 2 Classification
Commitment
Crises (Exploration)
opinions,
attitudes, and Present
goals that do not
Absent
easily change.
Present exploring
alternatives
and is
Achieve Moratorium working on
developing a
stable
personality,
trying to
become an
Absent
adult
Foreclosure Diffusion
Midlife Crises/
concerned about life
accompolishments
Gets into adult
relations chasing
the dreams
• 1) Preretirement (anticipation)
• 2) Honeymoon (euphoria at newfound
freedom)
• 3) Disenchantment (missing the former life)
• 4) Reorientation (finding new interests)
• 5) Stability (routinization)
The dying process
(Elisabeth Kubler-Ross)
• 1) Denial
• 2) Anger
• 3) Bargaining
• 4) Depression
• 5) Acceptance
Personality and Career Choices
Personality
How do you eat your
Oreo?
Can the way you eat an Oreo
cookie tell you something
about your personality?
What is Personality?
▲ People differ from ▲ People seem to
each other in show some
meaningful ways consistency in
behavior
– A small part is
conscious, but the
bulk of what drives
us is “underwater”
or beneath
consciousness.
33
Triarchic Theory in Personality
Structure/ The Pleasure Principles
35
The “Id” 55 miles per
hour? How
dull.
• The id is present at I want to
birth and represents
our instinctual drives
travel at
such as hunger, sex excessive
and aggression. speeds. I
want 95 mph!
• The id is completely
unconscious and
operates on the
“pleasure principle.”
The “Ego” Ah…Id? Let us
be realistic… I
• The ego begins to would suggest
develop during the that we only
first year of life and drive 5 miles
balances the id’s urges above the speed
with reality. Hence, limit…
the ego is guided by
the “Reality Principle”
39
Freud’s Psychosexual
Stages
• Oral Stage (0-1 year old)
– Mouth is center of pleasure… milk, exploring, weaning
• Anal Stage (starts in 2nd year)
– Toilet training…
• Phallic Stage (3- 5 years old)
– Boys: Oedipus complex (love mom, kill dad… identify)
– Girls: Electra complex (love dad, kill mom… identify)
• Latency Period (5years old – start of puberty)
• Genital Stage (Normal sexual development at
puberty – lasts through life)
Erik Erikson
• Whereas Freud focused on sexual
energy as a developmental force,
Erikson viewed the social world as a
much more important component of
our development.
Extrovert Introvert
Extroversion is defined by
how you perceive or sense the world around you.
Extroversion
Extroversion
Social
Social Assertiveness
Assertiveness
Interaction
Interaction
Excitement
Excitement Warmth
Warmth
Seeking
Seeking
Extroversion is multifaceted
and measured on a continuum from high to low
New Concept
Extroverts
Ambiverts
Introverts
t xE
D. Shapiro & B. Barrow ©
2007
Learning Theories
• Learning theories focus upon our
ability to learn and adapt to the
environments in which we find
ourselves.
Antisocial personality
Borderline personality
Histrionic personality Cluster B
Narcissistic personality
Avoidant personality
Dependent personality Cluster C
Obsessive-compulsive personality
Cluster A Personality
Disorders
Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
personality disorders
Birth trauma
Sensation-seeking
Family dynamics
Avoidant, obsessive-compulsive,
dependent disorders
•Avoidance of intimacy
•Shy and socially uncomfortable but desire social contact
•Avoid it because of fear of embarrassment or criticism
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
Enduring pattern of thinking, behavior characterized
by perfectionism, inflexibility